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f  CALIFORNIA 
ANGELES 


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\ 


THE 


AND- 


■  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION, 


AS    SHOWN    BY 


Prof.  Carr's  Reply  to  the  Grangers  and  Mechanics ; 

Prof.  Swinton's  Testimony  Before  the  Legislature; 

The  New  Education,  by  ** Columella;" 

Memorial  to  the  Legislature  by  Joint  Committee  of 

the  State  Grange  and  Mechanics'  Deliberative 

Assembly,  and  other  Documents. 


0 


Benj.  Dore  &  Co.,  Steam  Book  and  Job  Printers, 
5 1 2  Sacramento  Street,  San  Franxisco. 

1874. 


co-^ 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Prof.  CARR'S  REPLY,       .......  3 

Prof.  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY 55 

THE  NEW  EDUCATION 77 

ITEMORIAL 100 


Prof.  Carr's  Reply 


-TO- 


■t-      -*• 


uirni 


-OF- 


Califoi^nia     State    pR^NGE, 
Mechanics"     Delibei^atiye     Assembly 


-AND 


Mechanics'    jState    Pouncil, 


September  5^  187^» 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 

Benj,  Dore  &  Cc„  ."r'team  Book  and  Job  Printers,  512  Sacramento  St. 

1874. 


"  I  an)  of  thp  opinion  that,  under  the  new  reign  of  labor,  as  the  industry  of 
man  reclaims  the  whole  face  of  the  earth,  he  will  become  better  fitted  for  the 
Paradise  and  blessing  of  his  Father  and  Gad  above.  Let,  then,  the  reign  of 
labor  bo  consummated  on  earth.  Let  its  temples,  its  towers,  and  its  bulwarks 
rise  to  the  skies. 

Let  the  fruits  of  its  toil  hang  on  eveiy  tree,  and  its  golden  harvest  wave  over 
every  field,  let  its  busy  enginery  clatter  along  every  mountain  stream — its  steeds 
of  fire  and  lightning  messages  course  every  laud  and  wave,  and  when  this  new 
reign  of  works  has  done  its  utmost  and  beat,  our  whole  duty  to  God  and  to  man 
is  done  and  well  done,  here  on  the  earth." 

Pbofessor  J.  B.  TURNER. 


PROF.   CARR'S  REPLY 


TO    THE 


RANGERS  AND    /ViECHANICS 


\ 


M 


At  a  meeting  of  the  Mechanics'  State  Council  August  12, 
1874,  the  following  resolution  was  passed  : 

"  Resolved,  that  Prof.  E.  S.  Carr  be  and  is  ht^reby  requested  to 
furnish  the  Joint  Committee  of  Grrangers  and  Mechanics  with 
such  facts  concerning  the  history  of  the  Agricultural  College  as 
will  enable  us  to  understand  all  ahout  it,  with  a  view  to  laying 
them  before  the  people  and  the  next  legislature." 

"  In  your  statement  we  shall  also  be  pleased  to  learn  what 
you  know  in  relation  to  the  Mechanical  Department  of  the  Uni- 
versity." 

This  being  transmitted  through  the  President,  Gren.  A.  M. 
Winn  ,was  answered  by  Prof.  Carr  in  the  subjoined  communica- 
tion, bearing  date  Sept.  5  ;  read  before  the  Joint  Committee  Sept. 
15th,  and  published  in  part  in  the  Sunday  Chronicle  of  Sept, 
27th,  1874.     The  entire  document  is  here  given. 

To  J.  G.  Gardner,  J.  D.  Blanch  ar,  TV.  H.  Baxter,  of  State 
Gi'ange  ;  E.  D.  Saivyer,  M.  J.  Donnovan,  Charles  G.  Terr  ill, 
of  Mechanics,  Deliberative  Assembly ;  A.  M.  Winn,  G.  B. 
Merriam  and  J.  W.  Duncan  of  Mechanics'  State  Council 
Joint  Committee — Gentlemen  :  In  reply  to  the  request  con- 
tained in  the  above  communication,  I  have  prepared  the  follow- 
ing statement,  without  access  to  other  documents  than  the 
published  reports  and  statements  of  the  Regents  and  my  own 
private  papers,  with  such  information  as  I  have  been  able  to 
obtain  from  President  Durant  and  others  connected  with  the 
College  of  California,  and  the  various  published  reports  of  the 


Regents. 


293488 


4  I'KUJr  ES80R    CARR  S    REPLY. 

Durinj^  luy  five  years  service  as  Professor  of  Agriculture  my 
knowledgt'  of  the  jnu-jxises  of  the  Board  has  been  mainly  deriv- 
ed, fn)ni  these  sources,  the  notices  of  their  meetings  which  have 
ai>peared  in  the  newsjiajiers  being  the  first  intimation  which  the 
Faculty  have  received  rc^garding  matters  of  gravest  importance 
to  them,  such  as  changes  in  educational  policy,  appointments 
and  removals.  I  shall  therefore  necessarily  confine  myself  to 
such  facts  in  the  history  of  the  Agricultural  College  as  have 
come  under  my  own  observation. 

■l'HK  KIIiST  STKI'  TOWARD  THE    ENDOWMENT    OF    AN    AGRICULTURAL 

COLLEGE. 

Une  of  the  first,  if  not  the  very  first  definite  movement  toward 
the  endowment  of  agricultural  colleges,  was  the  presentation  of 
a  memorial  from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  the  Congress  of  1873,  by 
Warren  &  Son,  in  the  Senate,  approved  and  unanimously  referred 
to  the  Committee  on  Education.  It  ably  set  forth  the  agricultu- 
ral capacity  of  California,  its  growing  importance  as  an  agricul- 
tural State,  and  the  unexampled  facilities  afforded  for  every  de- 
partment of  agricultural  education.  It  attracted  respectful 
attention  from  eminent  friends  of  agriculture  in  the  Eastern 
States.  Our  greatest  men  had  already  urged  the  consecration  of 
our  public  lands  to  the  education  of  the  people.  Europe  had 
moved  in  the  establishment  of  agricultural  and  mechanical 
schools.  Congress  had  given  those  liberal  endowments  to  "  higher 
seminaries  of  learning "  in  the  younger  States,  on  which  the 
noble  Universities  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa  and  others,  are 
founded.  But  nothing  was  done  to  elevate  oui'  industries  through 
education  until  July,  1862,  when  Congress,  under  the  sound  of 
hostile  cannon,  "  legislated  into  being,  the  great  comprehensive 
system  of  industrial  and  scientific  education,'"'  a  system  which 
was  to  give  dignity  to  labor,  and  "  knit  into  its  very  core"  practi- 
cal with  theoretical  knowledge  of  all  the  sciences  and  arts  bearing 
upon  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts.  The  measure  had  met  with 
violent  opposition  from  "optimists,  pessimists,  sham  economists, 
hold-backs  and  do-nothings."  Buchanan  had  killed  it  once  with 
a  veto,  but  at  last  <mr  statesmen  carried  it  through,  and  Morrill's 
bill,  with  Abraham  Lincoln's  signature,  became  one  of  the  sig- 
nificant facts  of  our  national  history. 

Colleges  crowded  forward  to  avail  themselves  of  the  grant. 
Denominational  schools  of  all  stripes  and  colors  insisted  upon 
dividing  and  sharing  in  its  benefits.  Twenty  different  institutions 
])resented  their  claims  to  it  in  the  New  York  Legislature  alone." 
There  was  great  danger  that  the  benefits  of  the  grant  would  be 
lost  between   the  army   of  speculators  in  public  lands  and  the 


PROFESSOR    CARR  8    REl'LV.  5 

army  of  obstructionists  to  the  educational  ideas  it  embodied,  a 
danger  not  yet  averted.  Reckless  waste  and  gross  violation  of 
public  trust  had  in  many  states  attended  the  administration  oi" 
the  seminary  lands.  It  was  feared  that  this  would  prove  true 
of  the  Agricultural  College  grant  also.  In  every  Western  State 
a  handful  of  men  stood  between  these  two  fires,  under  every 
conceivable  form  of  secret  opposition  and  open  hostility,  to  hold 
this  precious  legacy  inviolate  ;  and  that  they  have  so  far  suc- 
ceeded IS  due  to  the  fact  that  they  appealed  directly  to  the  com- 
mon sense  of  the  people,  who  do  not  need  the  aid  of  lawyers  to 
interpret  its  plain  provisions. 

The  first  section  of  the  Act  of  Congress  (apjn-oved  July  22, 
1862)  "  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts,"  provides  that  a  quantity  of  land  equal 
to  30,000  acres  for  each  Senator  and  Representative  of  the  State 
in  Congress  be  given  for  the  purpose  named.  Section  2  prescribes 
how  the  land  shall  be  a])portioned,  located  and  sold.  Section  3, 
that  all  expenses  shall  be  paid  by  the  States  to  which  the  lands 
belong.     Section  4  provides  : 

That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  lands  aforesaid  by  the  States  to 
which  the  lands  are  apportioned,  and  from  the  sales  of  land  scrip  hereinbefore 
provided  for,  shall  be  invested  in  stocks  of  the  United  States,  or  of  the  States,  or 
some  other  safe  stocks,  yielding  not  less  than  five  per  centum  upon  the  par  value 
of  said  stocks  ;  and  that  the  moneys  so  invested  shall  constitute  a  perpetual 
fund,  the  capital  of  which  shall  remain  forever  undiminished  (except  so  far  as 
may  be  xjrovided  in  Section  5  of  this  Act),  and  the  interest  of  which  shall  be 
inviolably  appropriated,  by  each  State  which  may  take  and  claim  the  benefit  of 
this  Act,  to  the  endowment,  support  and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  College, 
where  the  leading  object  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical 
studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are 
related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner  as  the  Legislatures 
of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and  prac- 
tical education  of  the  industrial  classes  in  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

SHARE    OF    CALIFORNIA. 

The  share  of  California  in  this  national  gift  was  150,000 
acres  of  land.  On  her  admission  into  the  Union  California  re- 
ceived seventy-two  sections  of  land,  which  were  her  ]xirtion  of 
the  fund  for  higher  seminaries  of  learning  already  alluded  to, 
and  had  appropriated  them  to  the  endowment  and  support  of  a 
University. 

By  act  of  the  Legislature,  March  31,  1866,  an  Agricultural, 
Mining  and  Mechanical  xVrt  College,  with  a  Board  of  Directors, 
was  established.  It  never  went  into  opei'ation.  The  Act  was 
repealed  by  the  Act  organizing  the  University,  which  became  a 
law  March  23.  1868. 


6  PROFESSOR    CARR  S    REPLY. 

The  question  of  location  was  an  important  one.  The  Com- 
mittee to  wliom  this  was  referred  finally  decided  against  Napa, 
8an  Jose  and  other  desirable  points  in  favor  of  Almeda  county 
and  the  neighborhood  of  Oakland.  The  final  choice  of  a  site 
was  afterward  determined  by  the  action  of  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

The  question  arose  here,  as  it  had  elsewhere  :  "  Shall  we  have 
an  independent  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  or  make 
such  colleges,  with  that  of  Mining,  parts  of  a  comprehensive 
plan  .^"  There  appears  to  have  been  no  one  in  California  at  that 
tinv  to  sound  a  warning  note  against  the  dangers  of  subversion, 
which  had  already  appeared  in  older  States  ;  and  though  there 
were  many  enthusiastic  friends  of  ''  University  education  "  ready 
to  bear  a  hand  in  the  building  of  the  young  University,  there 
were  none  to  emphasize  the  practical  features. 

■VHK  PROVISIONS  OF  THE  ORGANIC  ACT. 

The  organization  of  an  Agricultural  College  therefore  became 
incidental  to  a  more  comprehensive  plan,  instead  of  a  leading 
object,  in  the  very  foundation.  Still,  the  organic  Act  creating 
the  University  was  sufficiently  plain  in  its  provisions,  had  they 
been  carried  out  in  good  faith. 

AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    WITH    MANUAL    LAROR    SYSTEM    TO    BE 

DEVELOPED. 

It  provides  [see  Section  4,]  'that  the  College  of  Agriculture 
shall  be  first  established ;  but  in  selecting  the  professors  and  in- 
structors for  the  said  College  of  Agriculture  the  Regents  shall,  so 
far  as  in  their  power,  select  persons  possessing  such  requirements 
in  their  several  vocations  as  will  enable  them  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  [)rofessors  in  tlie  several  colleges  of  mechanic  arts,  of 
mines  and  of  civil  engineering.  As  soon  as  practicable  a  system 
of  modtirate  manual  labor  shall  be  established  in  connection  with 
the  Agricultural  College  and  upon  its  agricultural  and  ornamen- 
tal grounds,  having  for  its  object  practical  education  in  agriculture, 
landscape  gardening,  the  health  of  the  students,  and  to  afford 
them  an  opj)ortunity  by  their  earnings  of  defraying  a  j)ortion  of 
the  expenses  of  their  education.  These  advantages  shall  be  open, 
in  the  first  instance,  to  students  in  the  College  of  Agriculture 
who  shall  be  entitled  to  a  prefernece  in  that  behalf." 

COLLEfiE    OF    MECHANIC    ARTS. 

Section  5  "provides  that  the  College  of  Mechanic  Arts  shall  next 
be  established,  etc.,  and  that  the  said  Board  of  Regents  shall 
always  bear  in  mind  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  the  Col- 
lege of  Mechanic  Arts  are  an  especial  oljject  of  their  care  and 


PROFESSOR    CARR  S    REPLY.  7 

superintendence,  and  that  they  shall  be  considered  and  treated  as 
entitled,  primarily,  to  the  use  of  the  funds  donated  for  their 
establishment ^and  maintenance  "  by  the  said  Act  of  Congress. 

COLLEGE    OF    MINES. 

Section  6  provides  tliat  the  College  of  Mines  and  the  College 
of  civil  Engineering  shall  be  next  established,  etc. 

Section  7  "provides  that  the  College  of  Letters  shall  be  co- 
existent with  the  aforesaid  College  of  Arts.  But  the  provisions 
regarding  the  order  in  which  the  said  colleges  shall  be  organized 
shall  not  be  construed  as  directing  or  permitting  the  organization 
of  any  of  the  specified  colleges  to  be  unnecessarily  delayed,  but 
only  as  indicating  the  order  in  which  the  colleges  shall  be  or- 
ganized, beginning  Avith  the  College  of  Agriculture  and  adding 
in  succession  to  the  body  of  instructors  in  that  and  the  other 
colleges  such  other  instructors  as  may  be  necessary  to  organize 
the  other  colleges  successively  in  the  order  above  indicated." 

A    FARMER    FOR    SECRETARY. 

Section  15  "  provides  that  a  competent  person,  who  is  a  practi- 
cal agriculturits  by  profession,  com])etent  to  superintend  the  work- 
ing of  the  agricultural  farm,  and  of  sufficient  scientific  acquire- 
ments to  discharge  the  duties  of  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 
Regents  as  prescribed  in  this  Act,  shall  be  chosen  by  said  Board 
as  their  Secrteary.  The  Board  of  Regents  may  also  appoint  a 
Treasurer  of  the  University  and  prescribe  the  form  and  surie- 
ties  of  his  bond  as  such,  which  shall  be  executed,  approved  by 
them  and  filed  with  the  Secretary  before  any  such  Treasurer 
shall  go  into  office.  The  Secretary  and  Treasurer  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  summary  removal  by  the  Board  of  Regents." 

Section  16  rcf^uires  the  Secretary  to  reside  at  and  keep  his 
office  at  the  University,  for  important  reasons  thereinafter  enum- 
erated. 

(iRAVE    DEFECTS. 

I  feel  justified  in  saying  that  the  position  of  the  Agricultural 
College  is  not  due  to  a  defective  plan  of  organization,  as  far  as 
its  educational  features  are  concerned.  Its  defects  lie  in  the  ex- 
traordinary powers  conferred  upon  the  Governor  and  Board  of 
Regents — powers  which,  both  in  the  original  form  and  under 
the  skillful  later  manipulation  of  the  Code  Examiner,  Regent 
Dwinelle.  leaves  the  property  of  the  University  in  their  hands, 
to  be  "  managed,  invested,  reinvested,  sold,  transferred,  and  in 
all  respects  managed,  and  the  })roceeds  thereof  used,  bestowed, 
invested  and  reinvested  by  the  said  Board  of  Regents,"  (see 
Section  12  of  the  organic  Act),  while  (see  Section  11  do.)  "no 


8  PHOKESSOIl    CARR's    REPLY. 

member  of  the  Board  of  regents  or  of  the  University  (perhaps  this 
refers  to  tlie  Treasurer)  shall  be  deemed  a  public  officer  by  vir- 
tue of  such  membershii),  or  re([uired  to  take  any«oath  of  office, 
but  his  emplnyinent  as  such  shall  be  held  and  deemed  to  be  ex- 
clusively a  private  trust."  We  have  thus  far  presented  the 
anomaly  of  an  institution  created  by  a  public  fund,  endowed 
from  the  public  treasury,  supported  by  public  taxation,  four  of 
whose  administrators  hold  their  positions  only  as  State  officers, 
which  is  to  all  intents  and  purposes  a  private  institution,  beyond 
the  rt^ich  of  penalties,  of  the  press,  or  of  public  ensure  for 
malfeasjincein  office. 

The  amended  Codes  provide  that  "  the  Regents  may  invest 
any  of  the  permanent  funds  of  the  University  which  are  now  or 
may  hereafter  be  in  their  custody  in  productive  unincumbered 
real  estate  in  this  State  "  (see  section  1415  of  Poltical  Code  of 
California),  and  that  if  the  terms  of  any  grant,  gift,  devise  or 
be(|uest  are  impracticable  in  the  conditions  imposed,  such  grant, 
gift,  devisv^  or  bequest  shall  not  thereby  fail,  but  such  conditions 
may  be  rejected,  and  the  "  intent  of  the  donor  carried  out  as 
near  as  may  be,"  etc.  These  large  privileges  have  been  exercis  - 
ed  as  freely  as  they  were  conferred.  The  grant  of  Congress  to 
"  l)rovide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  mechanic 
arts,"  they  tell  us,  was  "  really  granted  for  the  encouragement 
of  all  branches  of  modern  scientific  instruction,  and  was  so  con- 
strued in  the  application  of  it  to  the  University  of  California." 

AN  TIC]  PATOR  Y  LEGISLATION. 

The  history  of  the  Credit  Mobilier  and  of  every  great  fraud 
committed  upon  the  public  under  the  sanction  of  law  shows  that 
the  fii-st  stejis  of  the  fraud  have  been  to  obtain  the  necessary 
legislation.  In  all  the  shifting  scenery  of  the  play  the  conspicu- 
ous figures  remain  the  same. 

Regents  Stebbins,  Dwindle  and  Haight,  of  the  present  advisory 
Committee,  have  been  from  the  beginning  principally  responsible 
for  the  legal  provisions  which  enable  them  to  degrade  the  Facul- 
ty and  manage  the  institution  in  the  interest  of  capitalists 
rather  than  the  people. 

They  put  their  own  construction  upon  the  terms  and- require- 
ments of  the  grant  in  resjjcct  to  sales  and  investments,  they  also 
construed  the  provisions  of  the  organic  Act  with  regard  to  a  Sec- 
retary to  be  impracticable,  and  for  five  years  no  attempt  was 
made  to  comply  with  them. 

Seven  members  constitute  a  quorum.  The  Advisory  Commit- 
tee (five)  will  always  he  a  majority,  and  the  President  is  now 
entitled  to  a  vote.     It  is  easy  to  see,  therefore,  how  a  large  body 


PROFESSOR    CAKR  S    REPLY.  9 

of  twenty-three  members  may  be  controlled  and  managed  Ij}' 
skillful  combinations. 

COLLEGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Before  and  after  the  formal  organization  of  the  University 
overtures  were  made  to  the  College  of  California,  already  in  suc- 
cessful ojKn-ation  in  Oakland,  with  an  able  faculty  and  fully 
organized  classes,  to  effect  its  disorganization  and  the  transfer  of 
its  classes,  buildings,  lands,  liabilities  and  assets  to  the  new  in- 
stitution, in  which  a  "  College  of  Letters  '"'  might  be  co-existent 
though  it  could  not  take  precedence.  ,  Its  property  was  estimated 
to  be  worth  $80,000.  (See  Statement' of  Regents.) 

Its  founder,  Henry  Durant,  was  the  pioneer  of  the  higher  edu- 
cation on  this  coast ;  it  is  expected  that  through  him  the  whole 
history  of  the  relations  of  the  College  of  California  to  the  Uni- 
versity will  yet  be  made  public.  It  is  sufficient  to  say  in  this 
connection,  that  when  the  transfer  was  legally  eifected,  on  the 
condition  of  the  uninterrupted  continuance  of  its  classes,  there 
was  no  recognition  of  the  eminent  services  of  Mr.  Durant  to 
education  in  the  formation  of  the  new  Board ;  nor  was  the 
intent  of  the  donors  carried  out  according  to  their  understanding 
of  what  was  practicable  or  "  in  good  faith  ''  toward  themselves 
or  the  people  of  the  State.  Among  these  Trustees  were  some  of 
the  best  educated  men  in  the  community,  with  a  large  experience 
and  knowledge  of  the  peculiar  industrial  conditions  of  the  coast, 
such  as  Sherman  Day,  Henry  Durant  and  others.  Into  whose 
hands  was  the  execution  of  this  great,  though  "  private  trust," 
committed  ?  A  careful  reading  of  the  organic  Act  will  show 
that  nearly  all  the  res])onsibility  was  thrown  upon  the  Grovernor. 
(See  Section  11.)  Besides  the  six  ex-officio  members,  there 
were  eight  appointed  members  "to  b^  nominated  by  the  Gover- 
nor by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,"  and  the  remaining 
eight  members  were  to  be  "  chosen  from  the  body  of  the  State," 
by  the  official  and  appointed  members,  to  hold  their  office  for 
the  term  of  sixteen  years,  according  to  classification.  All  vacan- 
cies were  to  be  filled  by  appointments  of  the  Governor.  If  I 
am  rightly  informed.  Governor  Haiglit,  did  not  make  any  ap- 
pointments until  after  the  adjournment  of  the  Legislature,  thus 
dispensing  with  confirmations.  He  then  chose-  Samuel  Merritt, 
John  T.  Doyle,  Richard  F.  Hammond,  John  W.  Dwhielle, 
Horatio  Stebbins,  Lawrence  Archer,  William  Watt  and  Samuel 
B.  McKee. 

The  first  meeting  was  held  on  the  19th  of  June,  18G8,  when 
these  a})pointed  Regents  proceeded  to  elect  "  from  the  body  of 
the  State"  Isaac  Friedlander,  Edward  Tompkins,  J.  Mora  Moss, 


10  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

S.  F.  Butterworth,  A.  J.  Moulder,  A.  J.  Bowie,  Frederick  F. 
Low  and  John  B.  Felton.  Not  a  single  representative  of  the 
agrieulturul  or  mechanical  classes  appear  among  these  names. 

OHOANIZATION    AND    (JETTING    TO    BUSINESS. 

Tiie  first  business  which  engaged  the  attention  of  the  now 
complete  Board  was  the  disposition  of  the  lands.  This  was  put 
into  the  iiands  of  a  Committee,  of  which  Friedlandcr  was  Chair- 
man. Not  long  afterward  Regent  Freidlander  resigned,  and 
another  eminent  friend  of  agriculture  from  the  Lody  of  the 
State,  but  IVom  the  City  of  San  Francisco. — Louis  Sachs,  was 
appointed  in  his  place.  On  the  2d  of  March,  1869,  the  Board 
received  a  ])roposition  '' from  a  responsible  party  to  purchase 
the  entire  grant  of  150,000  acres  for  $3.50  per  acre  in  gold." 

This  ])arty  was  no  other  than  the  ex-Regent  and  Chairman 
of  the  Land  Conmiittee,  Mr.  Friedlandcr.  This  proposition  was 
declined.  An  Act  had  just  been  passed  through  Congress  con- 
ferring exce])tional  ])rivileges  upon  the  State  of  California  in  the 
matter  of  locating  its  lands.  (See  statements  of  Regents  before 
Joint  Committee  of  the  Legislature,  pages  26  and  27.) 

The  Board  had  full  powers  under  the  Organic  Act  to  "  locate 
and  sell  such  lands  for  such  price  and  on  such  terms  as  they 
shall  j)rescribe."     (See  Section  20  of  Organic   Act). 

These  S])ecialties  of  land  location  are  better  kr^own  to  the 
Regents  and  purchasers  than  to  the  public  or  to  myself. 

The  aj)pointment  of  Mr.  Moulder  as  Secretary  (his  place  as  Re- 
gent bi-iiig  filled  by  John  S.  Hager),  was  an  evasion  of  the  most 
ex})lieit  re(|uircments  of  the  organic  Act,  defining  the  (qualifica- 
tions and  duties  of  that  office.  (So  far  from  saying  this  with 
any  unkindness  to  Mr.  Moulder,  I  take  pleasure  in  testifying  to 
the  uniform  kindness  which  has  marked  his  relations  to  the 
Faculty  of  the  University).  The  appointment  of  Mr.  Ralston 
as  Treasurer,  who  became  also  a  Regent  on  the  resignation  of 
Governor  Low,  and  of  General  George  B.  McClellan  as  Presi- 
dent, belongs  to  this  iieriod  of  the  history  of  the  Ao;ricultural 
College.       °  ^  .      '  ^ 

Four  Professors  were  soon  after  appointed  in  accordance  with 
section  Three  of  the  Organic  Act,  viz  :  Professor  John  Le  Conte 
of  the  University  of  South  Carolina,  to  the  chair  of  Physics 
and  Lidustrial  Mechanics ;  Professor  Joseph  Le  Conte  of  the 
sauie,  to  the  chair  of  Geology,  Natural  History  and  Botany  ; 
Professor  R.  A.  Fisher  of  Grass  Valley,  to  the  chair  of  Chemis- 
try, :Miriing  and  ^Metallurgy  ;  Professor  Martin  Kellogg  of  the 
College  of  Caliibrnia,  to  the  chair  of  Ancient  Languages^  Gen- 
eral McClellan  having  declined  the  Presidency,  to  the  regret  of 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  11 

many  ardent  friends  of  the  University,  Professor  John  Le  Conte 
was  called  by  telegraph  to  assist  in  the  organization.  He  arrived 
in  May,  and  in  July  following  four  additional  professors  and 
two  instructors  were  elected,  among  these  Ezra  S.  Carr,  as  Pro- 
fessor of  Agriculture,  Agricultural  Chemistry  and  Horticulture. 
In  ray  letter  to  the  Board  acce})ting  the  appointment,  I  defined 
my  position  and  understanding  of  its  duties,  in  the  following 
words,  "  my  best  effoi'ts  will  be  devoted  to  develope,  and  elevate 
the  Agricultural  ]mrsuits  of  the  State  to  the  rank  of  the  learned 
professions,  and  to  make  the  University  the  e.xponent  of  the 
industries,  learning  and  intelligence  of  the  age. 
Believing  that  the  Agricultural  are  and  ever  will  be  the  leading 
interests  of  the  State,  I  doubt  not  the  Board  will  afford  every 
reasonable  facility  in  teaching  the  public  not  only  through  the 
class-room,  but  through  every  avenue  of  approach." 

Nothing  could  have  been  more  complimentary  than  the  terms 
in  which  my  appointment  was  conmiunicated  to  me. 

The  Board  publicly  stated  that  they  ''  had  been  exceedingly 
fortunate  in  the  selection  of  these  gentlemen,  all  of  them  being 
eminent  in  their  several  departments  and  some  of  them  having 
achieved  a  national  reputation."  Twenty  thousand  dollars  was 
appropriated  for  chemical  and  philosophical  appratus  which  Pro- 
fessor Fisher  was  sent  to  Euroi)e  to  i)rocure.  (See  Report  of 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Regent  Fitzgerald,  for 
1868-9,  page  27.)  Professor  John  Le  Conte  became  acting  Presi- 
dent and  ap])lied  himself  with  zeal  to  the  task  of  creating  an  in- 
stitution looking  forward  and  not  backward  for  its  ins])iration. 
No  man  could  have  been  found  so  well  fitted  l)y  his  training,  his 
tastes  or  his  character  for  the  just  and  impartial  prosecution  of 
his  work.  The  working  plan  as  exhibited  by  him  in  the  Pros- 
pectus and  first  Register  gave  entire  satisfaction  to  the  Faculty 
and  friends  of  education.  It  declared  the  University  to  consist 
of  five  distinct  colleges,  four  of  arts  and  one  of  letters,  with  a 
full  course  of  study  continuing  for  four  years,  with  ap})ropriate 
degrees.  They  were  :  1.  A  State  College  of  Agriculture. 
2.  A  State  (Jollege  of  Mechanic  Arts.  3.  A  State  Col- 
lege OF  Mines.  4.  A  State  College  of  Engineenk;.  5. 
A  State  College  of  Letters. 

OPENING    of    the    UNIVERSITY. 

The  University  was  formally  opened  in  Oakland  in  Septem- 
ber, 1869,  with  about  forty  students,  most  of  whom  had  pre- 
viously belonged  to  the  College  of  California.  By  relerence  to 
the  curriculum  it  will  be  seen  that  the  special  studies  of  agri- 
culture and  horticulture  are  confined  to  the  third  and   fourth 


12  PROFESSOR  CARR  S  REPLY. 

years  of  the  course  ;  the  first  two  years  being  initial,  it  was 
therefore  thought  best  to  euiploy  a  part  of  my  time  in  bringing 
the  University  to  the  notice  of  the  people  iu  the  different  parts 
of  the  State.  I  had,  as  a  Kegent  and  Professor  for  eleven  years 
in  another  State  University,  become  convinced  of  the  necessity 
of  awaking  a  living  interest  among  the  people  by  making  the 
influence  of  the  higiier  institutions  felt  ujjou  the  lower  schools, 
which  are  their  natural  feeders.  I  therefore,  xvith  the  approba- 
tion of  the  Board  and  Faculty,  occupied  my  first  year  with  two 
lectures  a  week  to  the  advanced  class,  with  a  course  of  twelve 
lectures  in  the  normal  school,  and  m  lecturing  to  agriculturists 
and  teachers  at  their  .various  gatherings.  Every  moment  of 
leisure  which  1  could  spare  from  these  occupations  was  spent  in 
studying  the  capacities  of  the  University  domain  at  Berkeley, 
for  such  practical  work  as  I  knew  most  of  the  States  were  suc- 
cessfully prosecuting  in  their  agricultural  colleges.  1  found  the 
domain  to  consist  of  something  over  300  acres,  amply  sufficient 
for  all  necessary  experimental  and  illustrative  farming  and  gar- 
dening, though  hardly  commensurate  with  the  agricultural  im- 
portance of  our  State.  Well-sheltered  valley  land  offered  fa- 
cilities for  experiments  in  acclimatization,  hillsides  of  various 
exposures  for  orchards  and  vineyards  and  forestry.  Mr.  Lewell- 
ing  and  other  eminent  horticulturists  assisted  uie  with  their 
experience. 

THE    FIRST    PLANTING. 

January  5,  1870,  I  received  a  note  from  Secretary  Moulder, 
informing  me  that  Doctor  Merritt  had  been  authorized  to  expend 
§1,500  in  "  ornamenting  the  grounds  "  (without  any  plan  having 
been  ado])ted),  and  suggesting  that  I  should  confer  with  him  re- 
sjjecting  the  "introduction  of  new  and  valuable  plants."  I  did 
so,  and  replied  to  Mr.  Moulder  the  next  day  as  follows: 

'■'"  ■■•■■  ■■•'  "  I  have  been  very  desirous  of  laying 
out  my  work  in  the  Agricnltural  Department  so  as  to  loose  no 
time  in  demonstrating  its  utility.  My  understandhig  of  what 
the  work  is  to  be,  aside  from  teaching,  is  substantially  what  you 
hint  at  in  your  letter,  and  while  awaiting  an  invitation  from  the 
Board  or  some  member  of  it  to  express  my  views  of  the  proper 
dis[)osition  of  the  grounds  to  be  devoted  to  agricultural  and  hor- 
ticultural purposes,  I  have  opened  correspondence  with  various 
parties  at  home  and  abroad  with  a  view  to  obtaining  seeds  and 
])lants  for  naturalization.  I  have  written  to  Milne-Edwards  of 
the  Garden  of  Plants  Paris,  for  advice,  plans,  etc.;  to  Kew  Grar- 
dens;  to  Dr.  Mueller  of  the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Melbourne, 
Australia,  and  I    hope  to  be  able,  through  Governor  Low,  to 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  13 

secure  something  from  China  and  Ja])an.  "  We  want  on  the 
University  gromids  an  ex^Terhnental  garden,  where  the  value  and 
mode  of  culture  of  all  important  crops  can  he  accurately  deter- 
mined, and  new  things  tried  on  a  small  scale,  something  like 
what  (as  the  accom])anying  document  will  show)  is  being  done  in 
the  University  of  Wisconsin.  Besides  this,  we  want  proper  hor- 
ticultural gardens  where  not  only  the  tea  plant  (Mr.  Moulder 
had  specially  recommended  experiments  with  the  tea  plant,)  Ijut 
the  mulberry,  and  every  variety  of  grape,  fruit  and  nut  which 
can  be  grown  with  or  without  protection  can  be  studied.  The 
new  planting  of  each  year  ought  hereafter  to  be  of  new  varie- 
ties of  trees  and  shrubs ;  we  ought  to  show  the  finest  hedges, 
screens  and  belts  of  timber  trees  ;  all  that  is  of  economic  value 
in  the  vegetable  world." 

Dr.  Merritt  complied  with  Mr.  Moulder's  request  about  the  tea 
plants,  but  my  ojunion  was  never  asked  concerning  the  other 
planting.  It  consisted  of  a  half  dozen  kinds  of  the  commonest 
acacias,  blue  gums  and  pines  distributed  in  masses  all  over  the 
grounds,  as  appears  at  the  present  time. 

Early  in  May  1  sent  the  following  communication  to  the 
Board : 

University  of  CALiFOimiA,  May  5,  1870. 

To  the  Honorable  Regents  of  the  University — Gentlemen  :  In  view  of  the 
probability  that  the  University  will  continue  to  occupy  its  present  quarters  in 
Oakland  for  a  longer  time  than  was  at  first  contemplated,  I  would  re.spectfuUy 
ask  you  to  take  such  action  in  behalf  of  the  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  de- 
partments as  will  secure  their  practical  efficiency  when  the  removal  to  Berkeley 
gives  an  opportunity  for  field  instruction.  Unlike  the  other  Colleges  of  the 
University  this  requires  something  more  than  an  outlay  of  money  for  its  equip- 
ment. The  loss  of  a  single  season  of  growth  is  a  serious  one,  because  an  exhibition 
of  the  methods  of  scientific  culture  is  needed  to  demonstrate  the  value  of  the 
training  which  we  propose  to  give.  AV'hat  Cornell  and  Amherst,  and  various 
other  Universities  on  the  same  foundation  as  ours  have  done  at  the  outset,  in 
laying  out  experimental  farms,  planting  orchards  and  botanic  gardens,  erections 
of  horticultural  buildings,  etc.,  it  seems  to  me  importunt  to  have  done  here,  with 
the  least  possible  delay.  It  is  one  of  the  most  important  objects  of  this  Depart- 
ment to  attract  students  into  the  business  of  agriculture,  and  it  will  be  easy  to 
draw  them  to  Berkeley,  not  only  from  California  but  from  the  older  States,  as  soon 
as  we  can  offer  the  same  facilities  for  study  which  other  institutions  aftbrd,  nature 
having  given  us  advantages  to  be  found  nowhere  else  ;  and  it  is  important  for 
us  to  command  the  hearty  interest  of  farmers  and  fruit  growers  in  our  work,  by 
experiments  made  on  a  small  but  accurate  scale,  and  carefully  reported. 

With  an  outlay  not  exceeding  that  already  made  to  the  other  Colleges  the 
grounds  of  the  University  may  be  made  in  the  next  five  years  a  complete  exposi- 
tion of  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  products  of  California.  With  this 
object  in  view  I  beg  leave  to  offer  the  following  suggestions  : 

First — That  the  Board  immediately  locate  such  jxjrtions  of  the  University 
domain  as  are  to  be  devoted  to  agriculture  and  horticulture,  and  cause  the  same 
to  be  accurately  surveyed  and  mapped.  In  my  judgment  the  minimum  appor- 
tionment for  varirms  purposes  should  be  nearly  as  follows:  For  farming  proper, 
including  ground  for  students  and  other  experiments,  thirty  acres ;  for  an  or- 
chard of  specimen  fruit  and  nut  trees,  planted  with  a  view  to  study  by  catalogue, 


14  PROFESSOR  CARR  S  REPLY. 

form  in?  ft  museum  of  pomology,  fiftcon  acres:  for  vineyard,  raxilberry,  textile 
and  oirprducin^r  pl:int8,  five  acres;  for  botanic  garden  proper,  i.  e.  a  collection 
of  all  usetiil  medicinal,  native  and  foreign  plants  capable  of  acclimatization,  in- 
cludiniran  arboretum,  twenty  acres;  and  for  vegetables  and  small  fruits,  five  acres. 
Reservations  should  also  be  made  in  a  manner  to  subserve  general  ornamental 
eflFe.tH,  of  places  for  belts  of  tiinbtu',  wo  .dland,  etc.,  to  illustrate  forestry.    Second 

That  the  supervision  and  direction  of  this  work  be  assigned  to  the  Professor  of 

Agriculture  and  Horticulture,  who  shall  keep  accounts  of  expenditures,  records 
of  plantations,  making  an  anmuil  exhibit  of  the  same  to  the  Secretary  as  a  part 
of  the  Regents'  report,  and  those  demonstrating  the  profits  of  every  crop  and  of 
the  methods  of  culture  adopted,  and  that  as  soon  as  practicable,  by  the  erection 
of  a  f;inn  housi;  or  su(-h  other  residence  as  the  Board  may  deem  proper,  the  Ag- 
ricultural  Professor  move  to  Btrknley  and  have  these  interests  in  charge.  Third 
— That  a  fixed  annual  ajipropriation  be  made  for  the  purchase  of  seeds,  nursery 
stock,  and  cxpens"  in  obtaining  foreign  plants.  I  would  also  respectfully  sug- 
gest til  at  the  building  designated  for  the  College  of  Agriculture  be  constructed 
with  reference  to  the  use  of  an  Agricultural  College,  whatever  others  it  may 
temixji-arilv  serve.  The  building  so  called  on  the  present  plans  is  arranged  sim- 
ply for  a  school  of  chemistry  and  metallurgy 

I  remain  your  obedient  servant, 

EZRA  S.  CARR. 
P.  S. — Since  writing  the  foregoing,  I  see  by  reference  to  the  organic  Act,  that 
the  superintendence  of  the  work  referred  to  is  made  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  of 
the  Board,  but  the  work  itself  constitutes  the  essential  feature  of  an  agricultural 
college,  and  I  therefore  submit  these  considerations  to  the  Board,  the  immediate 
outlay  being  inconsiderable  in  comparison  with  the  importance  of  results. 

rROFEssou  carr's  roving  commission. 
To  this  letter  I  received  no  answer,  verbal  or  otherwise,  unless 
the  following  resolution  of  the  Board  passed  June  21,  1870,  may- 
be so  considered : 

Resohed,  that  in  order  to  extend  the  advantages  of  the  Agricultural  College  of 
the  University  to  the  largest  number  of  citizens  possible,  and  especially  to  persons 
practically  interested  in  farming,  fruit  culture,  wine  makiijg,  wool  growing  and 
stock  raising,  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  AgTicuUural  Chemisty  and  Horticul- 
ture shall  visit,  as  far  as  possible,  all  the  agriculture  centers  of  population  in  the 
State,  and  in  evsiy  convenient  neighborhood,  where  suitable  accommodations  can 
be  obtained,  deliver  one  or  more  lectures,  illustrated  where  practicable,  upon  sub- 
jects connected  with  agriculture  likely  to  be  of  most  value  and  interest  to  the 
people  of  the  locality.  In  these  lectures  it  shall  be  his  care  to  disseminate  such 
information  derived  from  study,  from  observation,  from  correspondence  and  gener- 
al exj)erience  as  will  Ikj  of  practical  use  to  the  farmers,  fruit  growers  and  stock 
raisers,  having  special  reference  to  the  imparting  of  reliable  information  upon  the 
nature  and  best  mode  of  culture  of  such  new  crops,  fruits,  trees  and  vines  (and 
the  preparation  of  their  products  for  market)  as  may  be  adapted  to  the  soil  and 
climate  of  California,  and  likely  to  increase  the  productive  resources  of  the  State. 
His  ('ourse  of  lectures  shall  embrace  the  branches  for  which  instruction  is  now 
provided  in  the  University,  viz:  Agriculture  proper,  Agricultural  Chemistry, 
Zoology,  Horticulture,  Geology,  Veterinary  Science,  Botany,  Rural  Economy, 
Metoorolot,'y,  Diseases  of  Animals  and  Plants,  Forestry,  and  all  kindred  subjects: 
it  being  the  intention  of  the  Regents  by  the  course  here  adopted  to  transfer  the 
Agricultural  College  of  the  University  from  the  closet  to  the  field,  and  make  its 
instruction  of  practical  value  to  the  people  of  the  State.  These  lectures  shall  be 
free,  and  public  notice  shall  be  given  of  the  time  and  place  of  their  delivery. 

During  his  tour  throuiih  the  State,  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  shall  carefully 
examine  the  growing  <.rops,  study  their  culture,  noting  particularly  any  exception- 
al iiirtueoces  calculated  to  improve  or  injure  them,  and  communicate  the  result 
of  his  oltservations  in  his  lectures.     He  shall  take  special  pains  to  collect  statis- 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  .  15 

tics  of  the  crops,  flocks  and  herds  of  the  State  and  shall  report  them  from  time 
to  time  for  publication.  He  shall  open  communication  with  all  local  Agricultu- 
ral Societies,  and  so  far  as  possible,  place  his  services  at  their  disposal  and  deliver 
his  instructions  under  their  auspices. 

Resolved.  That  the  Board  of  Regents  will  themselves  procure,  from  all  quarters, 
at  home  and  abroad,  rare  and  valuable  seeds  ;ind  will  distribute  the  same,  through 
their  Secretary  and  Professor  of  Agriculture,  throughout  the  State,  to  such 
persona  as  desire  to  test  their  growth. 

These  resolutions  are  published  entire  in  the  statements  of 
the  Regents  already  referred  to  (]>age  69)  as  an  evidence  of  their 
good  will  to  the  Agricultural  College. 

Though  this  resolution  was  absurd  in  its  nature  and  became 
a  jest  among  the  teachers  of  the  State,  I  endeavored  to  carry 
out  its  spirit,  as  far  as  my  entire  time,  including  vacations,  and 
the  constant  and  gratuitous  aid  of  my  family,  j)ermitted.  The 
correspondence  elicited  by  this  resolution,  which  was  published 
in  nearly  every  news]iaper  in  the  State,  became  no  small  part  of 
each  day's  duties.  This  resolution  has  never  been  revoked,  al- 
tered or  amended.  The  only  change  in  the  programme  thus  laid 
down,  of  which  I  have  ever  been  informed,  was  in  a  resolution 
adopted  by  the  Regents  at  a  meeting  held  November  22,  1871, 
when  the  Secretary  was  ordered  to  notify  me  "  to  incur  no  ad- 
ditional expense  for  traveling  while  delivering  lectures,  until 
further  notice."  During  the  previous  year  the  Board  had  paid 
my  traveling  expenses.  "  You  will  observe,"  tlie  Secretary 
stated,  in  his  official  communication,  "  that  the  order  does  not 
necessarily  involve  the  discontinuance  of  your  valuable  lectures, 
but  only  the  cessation  of  further  cost  to  the  University.  The 
various  bodies  and  associations  for  whose  benefit  these  lectures 
are  delivered  should  pay  all  necessary  expenses,"  etc.  From 
that  day  to  this  the  Board  have  never  incurred  a  cent  of  ex- 
penditure for  any  such  purpose. 

PROFESSOR  GARR  GETS  TWO  APPOINTMENTS  IN  ONE  DAY. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Board,  October  4,  1870,  Mr.  Butterworth 
introduced  the  following  resolution,   which  was  ado2)ted  : 

Sesolved,  That  the  Professorship  of  Chemistry,  Mining  and  Metallurgy  be 
abolished,  and  that  the  duties  of  the  Chair  be  devolved  on  the  Professor  of  Agri- 
culture and  Agricultural  Chemistry. 

This  abolished  Professor  Fisher,  who  was  allowed  his  salray 
to  the  end  of  the  current  month.  It  is  proper  to  state  that 
neither  Professor  Fisher  nor  myself,  President  Durant  or  any 
member  of  the  Faculty  had  the  slightest  intimation  of  tint-  ac- 
tion until  after  it  was  accomjilished.  At  the  same  m-  eting 
(October  4th.)  the  Secretary  Avas  instructed  to  cast  the  ballot  of 
the  Board  for  the  following  gentlemen  "to  fill  the  various  Chairs 
in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  University."     I   was    elected 


16  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

Professor  of  Clieinistry.  Having  just  completed  a  course  of 
fii'ty-six  lectures  on  that  subject,  the  duties  of  our  respective 
chairs  having  occupied  Dr.  Le  Conte  and  myself  during  the  pre- 
vious vacation  in  the  University  proper,  these  simultaneous 
appointments  demonstrate  the  sentiments  of  the  Board  as  to  my 
"  unfitness  "  and  "  incomj)etency." 

THE    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGE    FARM    SOLD. 

A  very  significant  fact,  taken  in  connection  with  the  new 
duties  of  the  Agricultural  Professor,  and  which  has  very  im- 
portant bearings  u})on  later  measures,  was  the  proposition  of 
the  Executive  Oonjmittee,  through  Mr.  Butterworth,  to  dispose 
of  "certain  lands  outside  of  the  University  site,  which  could 
with  pro])riety  be  disposed  of,  as  they  are  not  needed  for  the  use 
of  the  University."  The  appraised  value  when  the  land  was 
])urchascd  was  ^18,000  for  building  lots,  $14,000  for  one  hun- 
dred and  twelve  acres  of  so-called  "mountain  land,"  and  $2,800 
for  another  parcel — in  all,  $35,000,  estimated  value.  (See  re- 
]iort  in  Alta  California  of  meeting  of  Board,  November  10  or 
11,  1870.)  This  included  "all  the  College  Water  Company's 
rights."  (See  "  Statements  "  of  Regents  to  Joint  Legislative 
Connnittee,  March  3,  1873,  page  40.)  It  included  the  best  land 
for  agricultural  and  horticultural  purposes  in  the  possession  of 
the  University.  This  transaction,  so  fatal  to  the  i)rospects  of 
the  Agricultural  College,  was  actuallyconsum  mated  November 
11, 1870,  my  first  and  only  knowledge  of  it  being  obtained  through 
the  news])apers.  I  was  told,  and  believe,  that  President  Durant 
strongly  disap])roved  of  the  a';tion  when  it  came  to  his  knowl- 
edge, and  a  former  Trustee  of  the  College  of  California  took  the 
ground  that  it  was  illegal.  The  object  attained  was  the  purchase 
of  the  Brayton  ])roperty,  effected  by  the  Regent  who  was  acting 
as  the  agent  of  the  estate. 

This  transaction  is  claimed  by  the  Regents  to  have  added 
materially  to  the  property  of  the  University  and  "  profitable  to 
the  State."  The  property  parted  with,  obtained  by  donation  of 
the  College  of  California,  consisted  of  nearly  if  not  quite  200 
acres  of  land,  inunediately  adjoining  the  present  domain  and  site 
of  the  University,  which  the  Regents  say  on  page  46  of  their 
statements  is  "  worth  at  low  valuation,  $1,000  an  acre."  Esti- 
mating the  value  of  the  water  rights,  disposed  of  in  this  sale, 
and  which  to  the  Agriculture  College  are  inestimable — and 
without  considering  the  importance  to  the  University  of  holding 
theose  contiguous  "  parcels  ;  "  had  they  not  been  required  for  Ag- 
ricultural experiments,  or  the  illegality  of  employing  any  part 
of  the  land  fund  in  the  purchase  of  property  for  which  the  Uni- 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  17 

versity  had  no  use,  (the  last  block  purchased,)  the  loss  to  the 
University  in  money  value  alone  may  be  stated  at  from  $175- 
200,000  dollars.  The  College  Block  recently  sold  for  S54,000, 
was  already  owned  by  the  University  when  the  Brayton  pur- 
chase was  made. 

Allow  me  to  state  in  this  connection  that  Msssrs.  Marshal  P. 
Wilder,  Elwauger  and  Barry  of  Eochester,  and  Downing  of 
Newburg,  had  visited  the  University  grounds,  and  gave  me  the 
benefit  of  their  experience  in  regard  to  their  uses.  Twenty  emi- 
nent agriculturists  and  editors  from  the  Eastern  States  were  taken 
to  them  that  summer,  and  finally  General  Horace  Capron,  from 
the  Agricultural  Bureau  at  Washington,  fresh  from  a  visit  to 
each  of  the  Eastern  Agricultural  Colleges,  made  valuable  sug- 
gestions respcting  our  practical  work,  which  suggestions  were 
duly  communicated  to  the  Board  of  Regents.  The  manner  in 
which  I  attempted  to  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  Regents  will 
appear  in  the  reports  of  my  work,  made  to  them  from  time  to 
time.  That  they  warmly  commended  it  will  be  seen  in  their 
ofiicial  report  to  the  Grovernor  (see  page  12  of  Regents  report  for 
1872),  where  they  say  :  "  Professor  Carr  has  been  diligently  en- 
aged  in  lecturing  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  He  has  had 
arge  and  attentive  audiences,  and  it  is  not  too  much  to  say  that 
through  him  thousands  have  received  the  benefit  of  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  Agricultural  College  of  theUniversity." 

The  subjoined  are  true  copies  of  my 

REPORTS  OF  PROGRESS  AND  SUGGESTIONS  TO  THE  REGENTS. 

Oakland,  November  10,  1870. 
2o  the  President  and  Board  of  Regents:  Since  the  date  of  my  last  coiumuni- 
cation,  and  during  the  summer  vacation,  I  have  given  a  course  of  fifty-six 
lectures  in  the  Medical  Department  of  the  Uinversity  (late  Toland  Medical  Col- 
lege). I  have  also  given  nine  addresses  before  the  State  and  two  County  Teachers' 
Institutes,  and  four  addresses  on  different  public  occasions.  To  accomplish  this 
I  have  traveled  about  two  thousand  miles;  have  spoken  in  San  Francisco,  Oak- 
land, Pacheco,  Marysville,  Vallejo,  San  Jose,  Sacramento,  Stockton,  Jackson  and 
Chico,  to  not  less  than  thirty  thousand  people,  endeavoring  to  interest  them  in  a 
rational  development  of  our  industrial  interests,  and  to  show  the  relations  of  these 
to  education, and  especially  to  make  the  objects  and  scope  of  the  University  and 
its  practical  value  to  the  State  more  thoroughly  understood.  The  policy  of  the 
Board  in  popularizing  the  University,  by  bringing  its  instnictions  into  direct 
contact  with  the  people,  in  the  admission  of  young  ladies,  in  the  development  of 
the  Military  Department,  meets  universal  approval.  In  many  places  the  people 
have  pledged  themselves  enthusiastically  to  its  support.  In  all  cases  I  have 
declined  proffered  compensation  for  service  or  expense,  explaining  that  I  was  doing 
the  work  assigned  me  by  you.  The  people  have  replied  that  they  will  work  for  the 
University  through  their  representatives.  At  present,  in  addition  to  outside 
work,  I  am  delivering  in  the  University  three  experimental  lectures  a  week  on 
chemistry  and  its  applications,  to  a  class  of  twenty  young  men  and  about  the 
same  number  of  young  women,  which  numbers  are  daily  increasing.  It  was  a 
part  of  my  plan  to  have  made  a  report  before  the  close  of  the  present  year  to  the 
Board  of  Regents  on  the  industrial  and  agricultural  interests  of  California,  con- 


18  PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY. 

taining  a  catalogue  of  product*,  espocially  of  wines,  grapes,  wine  growers,  etc., 
for  use  at  home  and  abroad,  "  an  industrial  year  book,"  for  1870.  Such  an 
exhibit  of  the  capacities  and  cultures  of  California,  published  by  authority  of  the 
Board  of  Kegents,  would  not  only  command  more  of  public  respect  and  attention 
than  the  s;ime  information  derived  from  other  sources,  but  would  immediately 
demonstrate  the  activity  and  usefulntas  of  the  University.  Since  writing  the 
foregoing,  November  10th,  I  have  given  a  course  of  three  lectures  at  Watsonville, 
three  at  Santa  Cruz  and  two  at  Sacramento. 


University  ok  Califounia,  ) 
OAKI.AND,  July  18,  1871.  5 
Gentletufn  of  (he  Board  of  Regents:  In  accordance  with  your  instructions  I 
have  since  the  commencement  of  the  present  year,  in  addition  to  my  regular 
University  in.struction,  given  a  course  of  twelve  experipiental  lectures  in  Brayton 
Hall  to  the  Preparatory  Department,  a  course  of  eleven  lectures  to  the  pupils  of 
the  Deaf  and  Dumb  and  Blind  Asylum  (some  of  these  will  enter  the  University) 
six  to  the  students  of  the  Mechanic  Arts  College  in  San  Francisco,  three  addition- 
al lectures  in  the  city,  seven  in  the  different  towns  of  Alameda  county,  eight  in 
Stanislaus,  four  in  Contra  Costa,  five  in  Sacramento,  five  in  Solano  and  one  in 
Napa  county — sixty-one  in  all.  These  lectures,  with  few  exceptions,  have  been 
experimental  ones,  as  fully  illustrated  as  those  given  in  the  University,  and  all 
related  to  agricultural  and  educational  matters.  To  a<!Complish  this  I  have  trav- 
eled over  three  thousand  miles.  As  I  could  not  be  absent  more  than  two  days  at 
a  time,  exclusive  of  Sunday,  I  have  been  unable  to  visit  the  more  remote  parts  of 
the  State,  and  shall  occupy  a  part  of  the  vacation  in  this  work.  The  lectures 
have  invariably  been  well  attended,  and  I  find  no  lack  of  appreciation  or  inter- 
est in  the  work  the  University  proposes  to  do  for  the  people  of  the  State,  where- 
ever  it  is  understood.  I  have  also  made  several  excursions  (at  my  own  expense) 
into  different  parts  of  the  State  for  the  purpose  of  obtaining  and  giving  infor- 
mation with  regard  to  important  industrial  operations.  During  the  coUegate 
year  I  have  given  three  experimental  lectures  per  week,  occupying  four  hours 
time  (each  lecture  requiring  some  three  hours  of  laboratory  work  in  its  prepara- 
tion) to  the  third  class ;  in  addition,  during  the  past  term,  one  lecture  a  week  on 
health  and  hygiene  to  the  fourth  class.  During  the  past  few  weeks  I  have  un- 
packed the  apparatus  belonging  to  my  department,  and  arranged  it  as  far  as 
practicable  in  the  laborator  yand  new  lecture-room.  I  have  also  added  to  the  tech- 
nical cabinet  several  valuable  sets  of  specimens  illustrating  important  arts.  In 
addition  to  the  work  of  the  past  year,  the  curriculum  of  the  College  of  Agricul- 
ture and  Mines  will  call  for  instruction  the  coming  year  in  agricultural  and  an- 
alytical chemistry,  assaying  and  mining,  agriculture  and  horticulture.  Of  ne- 
cessity this  requires  more  instructional  force,  in  reference  to  which  permit  me  to 
make  one  or  two  suggestions ;  First — That  the  Board  allow  me  to  employ  a  com- 
petent and  acceptable  assistant  for  such  analytical  work  and  assaying  as  may  be 
required,  and  to  work  with  the  students  in  the  laboratory.  Second — That  dur- 
ing the  last  term  of  the  coming  year,  or  a  portion  of  the  same,  a  competent  per- 
son be  employed  to  give  a  course  of  lectures  on  mining.  The  appointment  of  a 
full  Professor  of  Mining,  without  an  assistant  as  above  indicated,  would  give  no 
aid  to  the  Chair  of  Chemistry  and  Department  of  Agriculture,  while  the  above 
plan  would  not  meet  the  immediate  demands  of  both.  With  respect  to  the  ag- 
ricultural grounds,  I  beg  leave  to  refer  the  Board  to  my  communication  of  May 
o,  1870.  I  cannot  express  too  strongly  my  conviction  that  their  improvement 
for  the  Kpecific  purposes  of  agricultural  and  horticultural  instruction  and  the 
organization  of  a  labor  corps  of  students  to  do  the  necessary  work,  on  the  plan 
adoptetl  at  Cornell,  by  the  Universities  of  Iowa,  lUiuois  and  "Wisconsin,  and  lately 
the  new  "  Busscy  School  of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture  "  of  Harvard  College, 
is  of  the  greatest  importance.  I  know  of  at  least  fifty  students  who  would  have 
been  with  us  next  year  under  such  an  arrangement ;  just  such  students  as  Presi- 
dent White  reports  "among  the  best"  in  Cornell  University.  An  Agricultural 
College  without  farm  and  gardens,  sufficient  for  experimental  purposes,  at  least, 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  19 

wonld  be  like  a  chemical  school  without  a  laboratory.  My  own  experience  and 
that  of  Professors  in  every  one  of  those  thriving  institutions  founded  on  the 
Congreesional  grant  is,  that  whenever  the  appointments  of  the  Agricultural  De- 
partments or  Colleges  are  made  as  complete  as  those  of  Letters,  the  most  gratify- 
ing results  have  been  realized.  In  conclusion,  I  would  say  that  a  strong  desire 
ie  manifested  on  the  part  of  the  agricultural  classes  to  see  this  department  in 
effective  working  order,  and  among  them  are  found  some  of  the  most  devoted 
and  zealous  friends  of  the  University.     Respectfully  submitted. 

EZRA  S.  CARR,  Professor. 


University,  Sept.  3,  1872. 
lo  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Buildings  and  Grounds — Deah  Sir  : 
Unless  some  preparation  is  made  very  soon  for  begining  the  agricultural  work  at 
Berkeley,  with  the  coming  season  it  must  all  go  over  until  a  year  from  this  Fall, 
and  the  delay  will  be  a  serious  check  upon  the  practical  operations  for  the  follow- 
ing year.  The  Agricultural  Professor  ought  to  be  on  the  ground  by  Christmas, 
at  the  latest.  Will  not  the  Board  authorize  the  construction  of  houses  and  out- 
baildings  for  the  use  of  that  Department,  and  that  the  necessary  surveys  of  the 
ground  be  carried  forward  early  in  the  coming  term.  I  am  dnven  to  urge  the 
Board  to  this  because  I  know  that  the  sentiment  in  favor  of  developing  the  agri- 
cultural department  in  proportion  to  the  others  is  strong  in  the  community,  and 
because  we  are  so  far  behind  every  other  institution  of  the  same  age  on  a  similar 
foundation.  Very  respectfully  yours,  EZRA  S.  CARR. 


"WANTED   A    DEFINITE    PLAN. 

University  of  Cat.ifornia,  Sept.  10,  1872. 
To  the  BonorabU  Board  of  Regents :  I  have  considered  it  my  duly  as  Agri- 
cultural Professor  to  prepare  for  the  work  for  my  Department  by  informing  myself 
accurately  and  in  detail  with  regard  to  the  scope,  cost  and  results  of  similar  work 
done  in  other  colleges,  and  to  compare  this  carefully  with  the  experience  of  the 
best  farmers,  fruit  growers  and  stock  raisers  of  the  State.  The  late  E.  D.  Le- 
welling  and  other  competent  persons  have  examined  every  acre  of  the  University 
domain,  with  regard  to  its  capacity  for  special  cultures.  The  plans  herewith 
submitted  are  the  result  of  careful  studies  and  statements  of  practical  men.  If 
we  are  able  to  offer  faciltities  for  the  practical  study  of  horticulture  and  ag- 
riculture during  the  next  five  years  and  adequately  recognize  the  greatest 
iiKluBtrial  interests  of  Calfomia  in  our  University,  we  ought  to  begin  our 
preparations  at  once  and  be  ready  for  the  rainy  season.  The  ornamental 
planting  done  three  years  ago  shows  how  far  our  nurseries,  orchards  and  arbore- 
tums  might  have  been  advanced  had  the  Board  authorized  me  to  carry  out  plana 
Bubmitted  at  that  time. .  I  beg  leave  to  represent  to  the  Board  the  immediate  and 
imperative  wants  of  the  department,  with  some  suggestions  as  to  the  way  of 
meeting  them.  First — We  want  a  definite  plan  to  work  up  to,  year  after  year. 
We  have  not  an  acre  too  much  if  it  is  all  utilized.  I  think  all  the  ground  not 
required  for  general  purposes  walks  and  drives,  should  be  included  in  this  plan. 
Not  less  than  fifty  acres,  in  my  opinion,  should  be  used  for  orchards  and  for  hor- 
ticulture. Second — Suitable  buildings,  of  which  the  residence  of  the  Horti- 
cnltui^l  Professor  should  be  one.  If  the  Board  would  appropriate  the  amount 
intended  for  a  single  residence,  allowing  it  to  be  used  in  erecting  a  dwelling 
adapted  to  agricultural  and  horticultural  work,  built  as  cheaply  as  is  consistent 
■with  convenience  and  durability,  and  put  up  a  plant  house  or  houses  in  connec- 
tion with  it,  I  think  the  present  needs  in  that  direction  would  be  provided  for. 
The  situation  of  these  is  a  matter  of  great  importance.  Third — We  need  a  small 
bcginnnig  in  the  way  of  teams,  implements  and  stock.  We  ought  to  furnish  milk 
and  vegetables  for  the  University,  and  should  be  able  in  three  or  four  years  to 
■how  as  much  specimen  stock  of  the  best  breeds  as  the  farm  will  support.  In 
order  to  have  live  fences  growing,  in  order  to  fasten  to  the  University  the  interest 
and  good  will  of  a  large  class  of  our  citizens,  and  to  attract  students  by  a  labor 
system  which  will  from  the  start  employ  and  encourage  them,  I  aak  the  Board 


20  PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY. 

to  authorize  mc  to  make  the  npcossary  beginBings,  making  guch  appropriations  as 
they  deem  prudent  and  just.  I  could  wish  that  every  item  of  this  expenditure 
should  commend  itself  to  the  judgment  and  good  sense  of  farmers  and  practical 
men,  and  that  Berkeley  farm-house  and  its  appurtenances  might  be  a  model  of 
cheapness,  good  taste  and  utility. 

I  respectfully  ask  that  I  bo  allowed  an  opportunity  to  present  to  the  appropri- 
ate Committet^fl  the  plans  in  detail,  and  to  compare  them  with  those  adopted  and 
approved  in  other  institutions. 

Respectfully  submitted,  E.  S.  CARR. 

PROFESSOR  ROLANDER  TRIES  TO  GET  THE  BOARD    TO   DO  SOMETHING. 

No  such  opportunity  to  appear  before  the  Board  was  ever  afford- 
de  me'.  I  sent  to  each  of  them  copies  of  an  address  upon  the 
claims  and  condition  of  industrial  education,  which  embodied 
the  most  important  facts  in  the  history  of  Agricultural  Colleges 
elsewhere.  As  stated  before,  the  special  studies  in  agriculture, 
and  agricultural  chemistry  commenced  with  the  beginning  of 
the  University  year,  1871-2,  under  the  administration  of  Pres- 
ident Durant,  whose  interest  in  the  Agricultural  College  was 
ever  my  best  encouragement.  His  report  to  the  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  1871  gave  a  respectable  showing  of  our  educa- 
tional work.  During  this  year  I  gave  a  course  of  two  lectures 
a  week  to  the  agricultural  class  upon  the  Chemistry  and  Phys- 
ics of  Agriculture,  three  a  week  to  the  third  University  class  on 
Chemistry,  as  the  previous  year  (  see  Com.  of  July,  1871  ),  one 
lecture  a  week  to  the  fourth  class  ( as  per  curriculum )  on 
Physiology  and  Hygiene  during  the  first  term.  This  gave  me 
for  the  first  term  of  the  year  six  lectures  a  week,  and  for  the 
remaining  two  terms  five,  nearly  all  of  which  were  experimental 
requiring  from  two  to  four  hours  in  their  preparation.  My  rov- 
ing commission  occupied  Saturdays  and  every  day  of  the  short 
vacations.  I  was  discharging,  as  best  I  could,  the  duties  of  two 
chairs  without  assistance,  and  without  a  cent  of  extra  appropri- 
ation for  expenses  or  salary.  Through  the  collegiate  year  1871-2, 
the  Regents  say  (in  their  report)  that  they  maintained  the  "Col- 
lege of  Agriculture "  with  no  "  diminution  of  its  curriculum 
and  with  increased  advantages."  I  felt  and  still  maintain  that 
my  instruction  was  the  only  distinction  between  the  College  of 
Agriculture  and  that  of  Letters,  and  that  its  advantages  were 
not  increased  by  adding  to  my  other  duties  those  of  another 
Professorship.  At  my  urgent  personal  solicitation,  Mr.  Bolander, 
an  ex-officio  Regent,  again  called  the  attention  of  the  Board  to 
the  importance  of  commencing  experimental  and  practical  work 
upon  the  grounds.  I  furnished  him  a  copy  of  my  commnnication 
of  May,  1870,  which  he  modified  as  follows,  and  presented  at  a 
meeting  of  the  Board  in  July,  1872.  (See  California  Teacher, 
August  1872,  p.  (jQ)  : 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  21 

Mr.  Bolander  recommended  that  the  Board  of  Regents  locate  immediately  Ruch 
portions  of  the  University  domain  as  are  to  be  devoted  to  agriculture  and  horti- 
culture, and  cause  the  same  to  be  accurately  surveyed  and  mapped. 

1.  For  an  orchard  of  specimen  fruits  of  all  kinds  likely  to  be  successfully  and 
profitably  raised  in  some  portion  of  thia  State,  at  least  five  acres. 

2.  For  vineyard,  mulberry,  textile  and  oil-producing  plants,  four  acres, 

3.  For  culinary  vegetables  and  small  fruits,  two  acres. 

4.  For  the  cultivation  of  all  kinds  of  useful  fruit  and  shade  trees,  ten  acres. 

5.  For  the  cultivation  of  indigenous  and  foreign  and  mediciual  plants,  one 
acre. 

6.  For  the  culivation  of  all  our  native  arborescent  plants,  to  servo  as  a  practical 
introduction  to  the  study  of  botany  for  the  students,  three  acres. 

1.  That  an  annual  appropriation  of  $500  be  made  for  the  purchase  ot  all  kinds  of 
seeds  of  our  indigenous  vegetation.  These  seeds  shall  be  used  for  exchanges  with 
foreign  institutions  of  a  similar  nature. 

2.  That  an  annual  appropriation  of  $500  be  made  for  the  purchase  and  intro- 
duction of  fruit  trees  not  existing  in  this  State. 

3.  That  an  industrial  museum  be  established,  with  a  Phytochemical  laboratory, 
to  test  the  usefulness  of  plants. 

4.  That  a  greenhouse  and  a  small  propagating  house  be  erected. 

5.  That  a  competent  and  scientific  gardner  be  employed  to  lay  out  the  grounds 
and  take  charge  of  the  entire  work. 

6.  That  the  perservation,  drying  and  packing  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  be  made 
a  special  subject  of  investigation. 

7.  That  vinegar  and  wine  making,  silk  culture,  distillation  of  volatile  oils, 
and  paper  making  be  taught  in  connection  with  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  to  supreintend 
all  operations  connected  with  the  experimental  gardens,  to  open  correspondence 
with  acclimatization  societies  and  institutions  of  like  purpose  in  foreign  countries, 
and  to  report  annually  to  the  Board  of  Regents  on  the  progress  and  conditions  of 
the  gardens.     These  reports  shall  be  published  at  once  and  distributed  at  large. 

9.  That  the  students  be  allowed  to  work  a  certain  length  of  time  during  the 
day,  and  be  compensated  therefor, 

10.  That  the  surplus  of  plants  raised  be  distributed  throughout  the  State,  to 
such  farmers  and  persons  who  are  willing  to  plant  the  same,  and  to  report 
annually  on  their  condition. 

11.  That  regular  daily  observations  be  made  on  climatic  changes. 

These  resolutions  were  temporarily  laid  on  the  table.  On  the 
3d  of  September  I  again  ventured  to  urge  the  prosecution  of  this 
work  upon  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Buildings  and 
Grounds  (Dr.  Merritt),  and  again  upon  the  Board,  September 
10th.  At  a  meeting  of  the  Board,  September  18,  1872,  Mr. 
Bolander's  resolutions  were  ordered  placed  on  file,  and,  on  motion 
of  Regent  Bolander,  "  the  Building  Committee  were  authorized  to 
have  a  greenhouse  constructed  at  an  expense  not  to  exceed  J$500," 
and  it  was  also  resolved  that  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  "  be 
authorized  to  employ  a  gardener  at  a  compensation  not  to  exceed 
$100  per  month."  (See  California  Teacher,  October,  1872,  p. 
133.) 

THE    CIRCUMLOCUTION    OFFICE. 

I  lost  no  time  in  asking  to  have  the  locations  assigned  for  these 
purposes.  But  the  Fall  term  of  1872  had  given  us  a  new  Presi- 
dent, D.  C.  Gilman,  whose  active  duties  were  to  commence  with 


22  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

the  following  Winter  term.  I  ordered  the  mill  work  and  sash  for 
the  greenhouse,  selected  a  gardener,  and  waited  for  permission  to 
"move  on."  Was  advised  to  wait  for  President  Gilman's  direc- 
tions. During  his  hurried  visit  to  us  before  his  inauguration  I 
had  laid  before  him  the  whole  position  of  the  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, the  promises  I  had  been  making  the  people  concerning  it. 
etc.  I  gave  Inm  the  j)lan3  of  the  grounds,  which  embodied  three 
years  careful  study  of  their  soils,  exjiosures  and  the  cultures 
practicable  for  this  locality.  I  also  gave  him  the  plans  for  the 
equipment  of  the  rooms  assigned  to  the  Agricultural  Department, 
on  the  main  floor  of  the  nearly  completed  Agricultural  College 
building.  At  the  laying  of  the  corner  stone  of  that  building, 
the  orator  of  the  day,  Kev.  Mr.  Stebbins,  had  spoken  of  every- 
thing which  the  University  was  to  do  except  to  make  educated 
farmers  and  mechanics.  Tlie  new  President,  in  his  inaugural 
speech,  given  November  7,  1872,  on  the  "  building  of  the  Uni- 
versity," found  a  place  to  compliment  the  geological  survey,  the 
Overland  Magazine,  even,  but  none  for  a  word  of  encourage- 
ment to  the  young  lady  students  who  sat  before  him — none  for 
the  long  delayed  Colleges  of  Agriculture  and  the  Mechanic  Arts. 
I  found  it  extremely  difficult  to  get  a  hearing  from  the  President 
on  any  subject  connected  with  the  j^ractical  development  of  the 
grounds.  He  constantly  referred  me  to  the  Committee.  If  I 
went  to  the  Committee  on  Grounds,  or  its  Chairman,  I  was  re- 
ferred to  President  Gilman.  Prof.  Grey  of  Harvard,  who  was 
then  planning  and  perfecting  the  Cambridge  arboretum,  was  on 
this  Coast  at  the  time  of  Gilman's  appointment,  and  had  urged 
me,  as  everyone  interested  in  these  subjects  had  been  doing  for 
three  years,  to  exhibit  the  great  advantages  possessed  here  for 
arboriculture.  Thinking  his  opinion  would  have  more  weight 
than  my  own  importunities,  I  asked  him  to  write  President  Gil- 
man  as  urgently  as  he  could  in  this  behalf.  He  replied  to  me 
from  the  Smithsonian  Institution,  April  14,  1873,  saying  that  he 
would  use  "all  the  knowledge  and  influence  he  possessed  to  avert 
the  danger  of  allowing  our  great  opportunities  at  a  critical  per- 
iod topass  unimproved."  (See  Grey's  letter,  quoted  in  "Kegent'a 
Biennial  Report,  ■"72-3,"  page  44.) 

Meanwhile,  during  the  early  part  of  the  planting  season,  gar- 
dener and  greenhouse  waited  upon  his  decisions.  Nothing  what- 
ever \yas  done,  until  the  acceptance  by  the  Board  of  Mr.  Nolan's 
donation,  through  me,  of  duplicates  of  every  tree  and  shrub 
grown  in  his  large  nursery,  and  the  appropriation  of  $400  to 
enable  me  to  remove  and  set  them  out,  compelled  action. 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  23 

STARTING  AN  ARBORETUM. 

Before  the  1st  of  April  I  had  plowed  and  subsoiled  the  part 
of  the  grounds  upon  which  permission  had  been  given  me  to 
plant  the  Nolan  collection,  had  planted  eighty  species  of  conif- 
erous trees,  thirty  of  eucalyptus,  twenty-seven  of  acacia,  and  a 
very  large  collection  of  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs,  the  additional 
gifts  of  Messrs  Hoag  and  Williamson  of  Sacramento,  Sanderson 
of  San  Jose,  Mr.  Kelsey  of  Oakland  and  others,  in  all  three  hundred 
species  and  seven  hundred  specimens.  As  far  as  soil  and  exposure 
would  admit  they  were  planted  in  accordance  with  their  natural 
orders,  the  pines,  firs,  cypresses,  etc.,  forming  distinct  sections. 
Spaces  were  left  for  foreign  allies.  Each  plant  was  labeled  with 
the  scientific  and  common  name,  habitate  and  a  number  corres- 
ponding to  that  on  a  catalogue,  in  order  that  the  rate  of  growth, 
size  and  other  important  facts  could  afterward  be  determined. 
The  publication  of  Dr.  Bolanders  recommendations,  with  similar 
items,  called  out  equally  generous  offers  from  other  prominent 
horticulturalists.  Mr.  Lewelling  of  San  Lorenzo  offering  us  du- 
plicates of -the  varieties  in  his  extensive  orchards  ;  Mr.  Nicholson 
and  other  vineyardists  of  their  vines.  Consulting  the  President, 
I  was  advised  "  to  decline  these  gifts  for  the  present  year  at 
least,  there  being  absolutely  no  money  at  command  for  these 
purposes."  Observe  here,  that  I  had  been  authorized  to  employ 
a  gardener  at  $100.  a  month,  which  I  had  not  done,  simply 
because  I  was  not  authorized  to  provide  him  with  tools,  manures, 
etc.,  or  to  locate  the  ground  for  his  operations,  and  had  not  used 
a  cent  of  that  appropriation.  During  my  entire  incumbency  the 
sum  of  four  hundred  dollars  has  been  expended  under  my  direc- 
tion. The  sum  of  $20,964,  was  expended  during  this  term  by 
the  Committee  on  Buildings  and  grounds,  under  the  direction  of 
their  Chairman,  Dr.  Merritt,  for  ornamental  improvements 
having  no  reference  to  agriculture  or  horticulture. 

The  University  site  was  laid  out  for  the  College  of  California 
by  Fred  Law  Olmsfcead  of  the  New  York  Central  Park.  The 
present  roads,  etc.,  were  made  on  that  plan.  At  the  time  of  my 
appointment  Mr.  Lowe  of  San  Jose  was  laying  out  the  grounds  as 
a  landscape  garden,  without  any  reference  to  the  requirements 
of  an  Agricultural  College.  William  Hammond  Hall,  landscape 
engineer  of  San  Francisco,  is  understood  to  be  now  employed  in 
developing  those  grounds  as  an  educational  park.  His  plans 
will  require  an  expendature  of  $40,000.  for  the  next  two  years, 
while  competant  experts  estimate  the  cost  when  finished  to  be 
not  less  than  $80,000.  The  plan  speaks  for  itself ;  it  is  worthy 
of  praise  for  its  aesthetic  or  ornamental  uses,  and  for  these  alone. 


24  PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY. 

That  the  Kegents  have  not  seriously  contemplated  the  utilization 
of  any  considerable  part  of  those  grounds  is  evident  from  the 
sale  of  an  imj)ortant  portion  (112  acres),  from  their  official  an- 
nouncements, from  the  unnecessary  delay  and  virtual  indorse- 
ment of  the  most  costly  and  purely  ornamental  plan  which  has 
been  submitted. 

THE    OILMAN    UNIVERSITY. 

Soon  after  the  inauguration  of  President  Gilman  it  became 
evident  that  he  had  not  only  no  sympathy  with  the  Agricultural 
College,  but  that  he  would  use  all  his  influence  to  divert  its  means 
into  other  channels.  He  pronounced  the  organization  so  care- 
fully studied  by  acting  President  Le  Conte  as  "  extremely  faulty 
and  defective,"  and  in  the  Register,  soon  after  published  wiped 
out  the  College  of  Agriculture,  as  such,  making  an  agricultural 
"  course  of  study  "  one  of  several  not  essential  to  any  degree  con- 
ferred by  the  University.  So  marked  was  this  change  that  when 
the  head  of  the  Agricultural  Department  at  Washington  wrote  to 
me  for  the  statement  of  the  condition  and  progress  of  our  Agricul- 
Itura  College,  to  include  in  his  report  to  Congress  for  1872,  and  I 
replied  by  sending  the  register  (not  feeling  authorized  to  speak 
for  the  President  or  Regents),  he  immediately  replied :  "  What  I 
want  is  a  register  or  catalogue  or  other  document  concerning 
your  Agricultural  College.  Please  fill  the  enclosed  blanks,  an- 
swers to  specific  questions  which  will  give  the  desired  informa- 
tion." I  gave  the  letter  and  blanks  to  President  Gilman,  with  a 
copy  of  the  previous  rej)ort  made  under  President  Durant. 

When  the  Agricultural  report  was  distributed  the  informa- 
tion concerning  our  Industrial  College  of  Agriculture  and  the 
Mechanic  Arts  was  confined  to  two  brief  paragraphs,  as  follows : 
"  The  most  important  change  made  in  this  College  during  the 
present  year  is  the  election  of  Daniel  C.  Gilman,  President  of  the 
Univesity."  "  President  Gilman  is  a  graduate  of  Yale  College, 
and  was  for  several  years  Professor  in  the  scientific  school  of  that 
college.  He  has  spent  some  time  in  Germany  in  the  study  of 
science  in  Berlin.  His  inaugural  address  was  delivered  at  Oak- 
land, November  7,  1872,  and  is  replete  with  practical  observations 
on  the  principal  and  character  or  the  education  which  our  re- 
public demands."  "  The  farm  has  not  been  improved,"  etc. 
"  Students  are  not  instructed  in  agriculture  outside  of  the  school- 
room."    (See  Agricultural  Report  for  1872.) 

THE    NEW    MORRILL    BILL. 

About  this  time  the  proposition  to  give  large  additional  grants 
of  land  to  further  endow  such  Colleges  as  had  complied  with  the 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  25 

terms  of  the  former  grant  was  brought  before  Congress.  The 
passage  of  the  new  Morrill  bill  would  give  us  an  additional  in- 
come of  over  $30,000  per  annum :  but  its  conditions  were 
exceedingly  stringent,  and  under  it  many  of  the  abuses  which 
had  prevailed  in  the  execution  of  the  former  bill  would  be  rem- 
edied. The  sale  of  lands  and  care  of  accruing  funds  was  to  be 
left  in  the  hands  of  the  National  Government. 

With  the  first  publication  of  Morrill's  new  bill  on  this  coast 
an  article  appeared  to  show  that  the  object  of  the  former  bill 
was  not  to  promote  industrial  but  general  scientific  and  literary 
training.  I  replied  controverting  the  position,  and  set  myself 
more  earnestly  than  ever  to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  new 
grant  by  proving  our  good  intentions  by  some  good  works.  The 
time  was  drawing  near  for  the  removal  of  the  University  to  its 
permanent  home  at  Berkeley.  The  Professors  appointed  before 
1872  had  each  been  promised  residences  free  of  rent,  and  this 
promise  being  renewed  I  asked  for  the  erection  of  a  plain  farm 
house,  with  suitable  outbuildings,  for  my  own  accupation,  that 
1  might  economize  time  by  giving  my  personal  sujiervision  to 
the  work  of  my  department.  I  was  informed  that  houses  would 
be  built  simultaneously  with  the  College  of  Letters.  Packages 
of  choice  plants^  seeds,  etc.,  were  frequently  arriving,  for  which 
I  could  get  no  care  or  protection.  In  the  summer  of  '73  beds  of 
ramie,  jute,  etc.,  a  very  choice  lot  of  vines,  and  the  most  com- 
plete collection  of  flowering  bulbs  which  has  ever  been  made  on 
this  coast  were  destroyed  by  pigs.  No  part  of  the  grounds  were 
excluded  from  public  intrusion,  and  no  jjart  was  set  aside  except 
for  picnic  purposes.  It  should  be  remembered  that  all  this  time 
a  larger  sum  of  money  than  I  had  asked  for  was  employed  for 
the  care  of  the  grounds  under  Dr.  Merritt's  directions. 

THE  HAYSEED  DIPLOMAS. 

At  the  "Commencement"  of  1873  the  students  of  what  under 
the  administration  of  President  LeConte  and  Durant  had  been  a 
College  of  Agriculture  completed  their  prescribed  four  years 
course  and  presented  themselves  for  graduation.  Fair  parch- 
ments of  handsome  size,  engraved  and  decorated,  bearing  the 
signatures  of  all  the  Faculty^  awaited  the  students  of  the  Col- 
lege of  Letters.  Small  sheets  of  paper  parchment,  more  like 
school  certificates  than  college  diplomas,  signed  by  President 
Gilman  and  three  members  of  the  Faculty,  were  presented  to  the 
graduates  in  Agriculture.  The  students  were  justly  indignant, 
but  were  somewhat  mollified  by  finding  that  this  had  been  done 
without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  their  late  teachers.  This 
agricultural  experiment  was  not  repeated,  the  Diplomas  having 


26  PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY. 

told  their  own  story  before  the  Legislative  Committee  in  connec- 
tion with  other  evidence  taken. 

AORICULTURAL    COLI-EGE    RUN    INTO    THE    GROUND. 

The  University  year  of  1873-4  was  to  open  at  Berkeley.  The 
distribution  of  rooms  for  the  use  of  the  various  professors  who 
were  to  occupy  the  College  of  Agriculture  had  long  before  been 
made,  by  coninion  consent  of  the  Faculty  and  Building  commit- 
tee, and  a])proj)riate  fiittitigs  and  furnishings  were  either  complet- 
ed or  in  progress,  when  the  President  informed  me  that  the  rooms 
designed  for  the  agricultural  department  would  be  required  for 
other  purposes.  AH  my  plans  for  exhibiting  rare  and  valuable 
plants  and  conducting  experiments  to  which  light  and  heat  were 
essential  where  thus  summarily  overthi-own  by  relegating  the 
accomodations  into  the  north  end  of  the  basement.  I  remon- 
strated strongly ;  said  "  I  should  be  ashamed  to  take  the  farmers 
of  the  state  through  the  buildings  and  exhibit  such  accommoda- 
tions for  the  Agricultural  College."  The  paragraph  on  page  69 
of  the  Regents'  statement  to  the  Joint  Committee  of  the  Legis- 
lature is  untrue. 

My  remonstrances  were  made  to  the  President,  as  my  communi- 
cations usually  were  after  his  appointment.  If  the  Board  never 
received  "any  expression  of  my  wishes,"  it  was  not  my  fault. 
The  Eegents  say  (also  on  page  68  of  their  statement)  that  "on 
the  removal  to  Berkeley  the  sum  of  $500  was  placed  at  my  dis- 
posal to  secure  the  aid  of  competent  lecturers  during  the  year 
in  matters  of  practical  agriculture."  This  is  not  true.  1  never 
heard  of  this  except  in  the  pages  referred  to,  and  never  knowingly 
had  a  cent  at  my  disposal  for  these  purposes.  (See  following  letter 
to  Regents  April  6,  1874.)  I  did  what  I  could  to  make  the  base- 
ment rooms  assigned  to  my  use  presentable  before  the  visit  of 
the  Legislative  Committees,  occupying  the  holidays  in  furnish- 
ing them  with  my  own  library  and  collections.  The  lecture- 
room,  without  fire,  was  exceedingly  cold  and  damp  during  the 
rainy  season. 

THE  GRANGES  AND  MECHANICS  TAKE  UP  THE  MATTER. 

In  the  Winter  of  1873-4  a  Committee  of  the  State  Grange 
and  Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly  respectfully  memorialized 
the  Legislature  on  the  subject  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanic 
Arts  Colleges.  The  Committee  spoke  approvingly  of  what  had 
been  done  in  other  directions,  and  asked,  in  addition  to  the  ap- 
propriation for  current  expenses,  that  the  sum  of  $135,000 
should  be  specifically  appropriated  to  the  practical  work  of  the 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Colleges.  The  President  and  mem- 
bers of  the  Board  visited  Sacramento,  and  by  addresses,  personal 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  27 

efforts  and  newspaper  articles  and  pamphlets  endeavored  to  show 
that  the  memorialists  were  in  error  and  that  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Colleges  were  failures.  Several  Committees  from 
the  Legislature  visited  Berkeley  to  examine  into  the  administra- 
tion and  workings  of  the  institution,  and  with  singular  unanimi- 
ty, reported  in  favor  of  the  memorialists.  The  Education  Com- 
mittee, in  their  report  took  issue  with  the  President  on  hia 
presentation  of  the  Industrial  College.  Learning  that  I  was 
accused  of  having  furnished  these  Committees  with  informa- 
tion, and  as  the  matter  of  University  reform  was  getting  mixed 
up  with  the  Merritt  investigation,  I  made  an  explanation  to  the 
Advisory  Committee  of  the  Regents,  no  testimony  from  me 
having  been  called  for  by  any  Committee  of  the  Legislature  up 
to  that  time. 

I  showed  them  that  I  had  no  connection  whatever  with  the 
Legislative  proceedings  in  the  matter,  except  such  as  have  neces- 
sarily resulted  from  the  kind  of  service  in  which  I  have  be^n  em- 
ployed ;.  that  while  I  had  endeavored  to  carry  out  the  intentions 
of  the  Board,  as  first  explained  to  me  by  Regents  Tompkins  and 
Fitzgerald,  and  afterward  by  formal  resolutions  and  instructions, 
I  had  as  faithfully  represented  the  sentiments  of  the  people  to 
them,  and  had  repeatedly  placed  before  them  in  writing  the 
measures  which  had  been  urged  upon  me  as  important  to  secure 
a  cordial  feeling  toward  the  University  and  its  work  ;  that  I  had 
had  every  reason  to  believe  that  the  manner  in  which  I  had 
represented  the  aims  and  objects  of  the  University  were  approv- 
ed by  the  Regents  and  by  the  public ;  that  I  had  been  placed 
without  intention  on  the  part  of  the  Regents  in  the  difficult 
position  of  reconciling  the  various  published  announcements  of 
the  Regents  with  the  dormant  condition  of  the  Agricultural 
College,  and  that  I  had  been  placed  before  the  public  in  the  po- 
sition of  apparent  responsibility  without  the  power  to  meet  it. 
Of  this,  the  resolution  authorizing  me  to  employ  a  gardner, 
without  providing  materials  for  the  prosecution  of  his  work,  or 
locating  grounds  for  his  operations,  was  an  illustration.  In  con- 
clusion I  said  :  "  In  the  peculiar  relation  which  the  transference 
of  the  Agricultural  College  '  from  the  closet  to  the  field  '  has 
placed  me  toward  the  people  of  this  State,  I  have  neither  been 
disloyal  to  their  interests  nor  to  yours,  but  have  always  acted  on 
the  belief  that  these  were  identical.  If  loyalty  to  the  interests 
of  industrial  education,  to  which  I  have  given  the  best  years  of 
my  life,  and  mean  to  give  what  remains  of  it,  is  treason  to  the 
University,  or  if  it  is  so  construed  by  your  honorable  body,  I 
must  plead  guilty  to  the  charge." 


28  PROFESSOR   CARR  S   REPLY. 

Meanwhile  the  Regents  (February  17,  1874,)  memorialized  the 
Legislature  for  another  Committee — a  joint  Committee — with 
power  to  send  for  persons  and  papers,  etc.,  to  inquire  into  the 
defects  of  their  stewardship  and  the  proper  remedy.  The  Com- 
mittee arrived  on  the  22d,  sent  for  the  Professor  of  Agriculture, 
who  was  brought  before  them  and  sworn,  but  before  any  testi- 
mony was  taken,  an  adjournment  was  made  to  Sacramento,  at 
the  request  of  the  Regents,  the  Committee  deciding,  first — to 
receive  the  statement  of  the  Board  Committee,  Regents  and 
President,  winding  up  this  stage  of  the  investigation  (?)  with  a 
banquet  at  Regent  Ralston's. 

At  this  juncture,  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  was  informed 
that  the  Regents  contemplated  his  summary  removal  on  the 
ground  of  disloyalty  to  his  employers.  The  charge  of  incom- 
petency was  not  made.  The  Secretary  addressed  to  me  a  letter 
of  inquiry  as  to  what,  in  my  oj)inion,  "  was  feasible  for  the  im- 
provement for  instruction  in  agriculture  and  horticulture,"  as  if 
no  suggestions  on  that  subject  had  ever  been  presented  to  them. 
I  replied  by  referring  them  to  former  communications,  with  some 
new  suggestions ;  all  of  which  was  embodied  in  their  "  state- 
ments "  dated  March  3,  1874,  and  published  in  pamphlet  form. 
(See  pages  14,  15  and  16.)  The  House  Committee  on  Education 
had  reported  favorably  to  a  change  in  the  Management  of  the 
University,  on  the  gi'ound  that  the  various  callings,  interests  and 
sections  of  the  State  were  not  represented  in  the  Board,  eigh- 
teen of  its  twenty-two  members  being  lawyers  and  business  men 
having  their  offices  in  San  Francisco.  The  Committee  said, 
"  All  admit  that  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  is  not  only  a 
scientist,  but  a  thoroughly  practical  instructor.  He  should  live 
on  the  ground,  and  students  should  be  allowed  to  labor,  thereby 
applying  science  under  the  direction  of  their  instructor." 

THE  SUBJECT  OF  MANUAL  LABOR. 

Had  been  repeatedly  brought  before  the  Board,  both  before  and 
after  our  removal  to  Berkeley,  by  the  application  of  students 
for  work,  the  favorable  testimony  of  other  institutions,  notably 
Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan  and  Illinois,  and  in  various 
other  ways.  President  Gilman  invariably  discouraged  it  in  all 
my  intercourse  with  him,  and  the  little  work  which  students 
have  been  permitted  to  do  has  had  no  connection  with  agricul- 
tural instruction.  I  shall  show  in  another  place  that  I  spared  no 
pains  to  call  attention  to  the  requirements  of  the  law  in  this 
respect.  The  Legislative  Committee  were  strongly  in  favor  of 
its  immediate  adoption. 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  29 

ARE  THE  REGENTS  HONORABLE  MEN  ? 

Near  the  close  of  the  legislative  session  the  House  Committee  on 
Education  reported  a  bill  embodying  their  views  of  the  changes 
to  be  desired,  etc.  The  disposition  of  the  bill  will  be  seen  from 
the  following  conomunication  from  its  chairman,  A.  Higbie,  to 
W.  H.  Baxter,  one  of  the  Grange  memorialists,  after  the  Re- 
gents had  asked  for  my  resignation.  Under  date  of  July  30, 
1874,  he  says  :  "  Wlien  the  bill,  proposing  a  radical  charge  in 
the  Board  of  Regents  was  introduced  and  referred  to  the  Com- 
mittee on  Education,  Regent  Dwindle  and  others  were  very 
active  for  its  defeat." 

"  I  had  a  lengthy  conversation  with  Dwinelle,  in  which  he  ad- 
mitted that  he  and  other  Regents  had  been  opposed  to  Professor 
Carr ;    but  since  the  investigation  of  the   University  matters 
before  the  Committee  at  Sacramento,  he  and  other  Regents  were 
fully  satisfied  with  him,  believing  that  the  cause  of  the  difficulty 
and  disaffection  was  found  in  Professor  Swinton.     While  he  ad- 
mitted the  justice  of  the  bill,  he  thought  that  enough  had  beeu 
said  and  done  for  one  session.     I  replied  that  too  much  had  al- 
ready been  said  and  done,  and  that  he  was  one  of  the  active 
parties :  that  he  had  threatened  to  a  member  of  the  Committee 
on  Education  that  Carr  had  to  go  out — meaning,  as  understood, 
that  the  Chair  of  Agriculture  would  be  vacated.     I  further  stat- 
ed, that  the  people,  the  Committee  of  Investigation  from  both 
Houses,  as  well  as  the  Committee  on  Education  were  not  satisfied 
with  the  management  of  the  University,  and  especially  with  the 
Agricultural  Department ;  therefore  the  proposed  plan  to  select 
Regents  representing  the  various  callings  and  interests  of  the 
State.     He  replied,  "We  now  understand  things  better  than  we 
did,  and  I  pledge  you  my  word  on  my  own  behalf  and  on  the 
behalf  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  that  no  attempt  shall  be  made 
to  remove  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  only  for  such  causes  as 
would  •  remove  a  Professor  from  any  Chair."     My  reply  was, 
"  Judge,  if  you  feel  free  to  say  that  this  pledge  shall  be  faithfully 
kept,  the  friends  of  the  bill  will  not  urge  it ;  if  not,  the  bill  will 
pass  in  less  than  one  hour."     Said  the  Judge,  "  I  feel  free  to  say 
that  this  pledge  shall  be  kept."     I  replied,  "  I  hope  it  will,  not 
only  for  the  benefit  of  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  Uni  • 
versity,  but  for  the  credit  of  the  Regents." 

"  In  a  few  moments  after  this  conversation  with  Regent  Dwinelle, 
Alfred  A.  Cohen  of  Alameda  sent  for  me,  wishing  an  interview 
with  me  on  the  same  subject,  viz  :  Professor  Carr  and  the  Chair 
of  Agriculture.     Our  conversation  was  very  much  like  that  be- 


30  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

tween  myself  and  Regent  Dwindle.  He  said  he  was  prepared 
to  say  to  me  that  the  pledge  made  by  Dwinelle  should  be  faith- 
fully kept,  in  case  the  friends  of  the  new  bill  would  not  urge 
it.  My  reply  was,  ^' Omnia  justicia."  So  the  friends  of  the  bill, 
thinking  that  the  results  contemplated  therein,  viz  :  justice  to 
Professor  Carr,  and  a  more  careful  consideration  of  the  College 
of  Agriculture,  would  be  secured  by  the  action  of  the  Regents 
under  these  pledges,  concluded  not  to  urge  it,  predicating  their 
action  on  the  pledges  made  by  the  gentlemen  just  named." 

QUESTIONS    SENT    BY    CONGRESS. 

While  these  questions  were  pending  I  received,  between  the 
months  of  December  and  April,  several  urgent  requests  from 
Commissioner  Watts,  of  the  Agricultural  Department,  at 
Washington  for  the  necessary  information  to  fill  the  report  from 
our  State  for  the  general  account  of  the  Industrial  Colleges  in 
his  forthcoming  volume.  The  two  first  I  gave  or  sent  to  the 
President  and  so  stated  to  the  Commissioner.  The  third  said  : 
"  I  have  written  to  President  Gillman  and  received  no  reply." 
Still  more  important  were  the  questions  sent  by  Congress  through 
the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Education  and  Labor,  James 
Morrow. 

state  what  is  the  total  value  of  the  property  of  your  institution. 
State  the  cost  of  each  building  and  the  uses  to  which  it  is  put. 
State  from  what  fund,  national  or  other,  each  building  has  been  paid  for. 
State  what  amount  has  been  expended  from  the  years  1862-1874,  inclusive, 
for— 

An  an  experimental  farm — class  "A." 

A  machine  shop — class  "B." 

State  what,  under  class  "A,"  has  been  the  total  expenditure  for  actual  inetruc* 
tion  in — 

Branches  relating  to  agriculture. 

Theory  and  Practice  of  Agriculture, 

Chemistry  applied  to  Agriculture. 

Botany,  Horticulture  and  Forestry. 

Animal  Physiology,  Zoology  and  Breeding  of  AnimalB. 

Veterinary  practice. 

Economic  Entomology  and  insects  injurious  to  vegetation 

Field  surveying,  leveling,  and  mathematics  pertaining  thereto.' 

Irrigation. 

Geology,  general  and  agriculture. 

English  language. 

PhyeicH  and  Natural  Philosophy. 

Moral  Philosophy. 

American  and  Modem  History. 

Social  and  Sanitary  Science. 

State  under  class  "  B,"  what  isjthe  total  expenditure  for  actual  instmction  in 
branches  relating  to  the  mechanic  arts,  as  follows  : 
Dynamical  engineering. 
Mechanical  engineering. 
Theory  and  practice  of  machine  construction. 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  31 

Mathematics  applied  to  machine  construction. 
Mechanical  draughting, 
'^'ree  hand  industrial  drawing. 

Chemistry  applied  to  manufacturing,  mining  and  metallurgy. 
IrLysics  and  natural  philosphy. 
Building  and  architecture. 
Mining  processes  and  methods. 
State  what  you  have  for  necessary  equipment  in  branches  relating  to  agricul- 
ture, viz : 

Fine  stock,  implements  and  machinery,  models,  veterinary,  surveying  and 
leveling  instruments,  etc.,  etc. 

Stat«  the  annual  and  total  investments  on  account  of  your  experimental  farm 
and  machine  shops. 

The  Professors  have  also  been  called  upon  to  state  what 
amount  of  instruction  and  expenditure  is  bestowed  upon  branches 
other  than  those  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts  in  the  sever- 
al institutions ;  the  names,  titles,  duties  and  salaries  of  President 
and  each  Professor;  what  is  the  amount  of  income  derived  from 
donations  and  legacies ;  the  total  income,  number  of  students, 
and  number  in  each  course ;  subsequent  occupation  of  students 
as  far  as  known  ;  and,  finally,  "  Has  your  institution  in  good 
faith  performed  all  the  conditions  and  requirements  of  the  statute 
of  July,  1862,  and  the  Acts  supplementary  thereto  ?  If  not, 
state  for  what  cause,"  etc.  As  I  could  not  state  "for  what 
cause  " — having  no  knowledge  of  the  real  state  of  the  finances, 
and  the  Regents  having  given  want  of  means  as  the  only  reason 
for  delay,  1  referred  the  Congressional  questions  to  them.  I 
have  since  been  informed  that  no  satisfactory  replies  were  made. 
The  questions  indicate  what  the  National  Government  expected 
the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Colleges  to  do  and  teach. 

During  this  time,  my  old  colleagues  in  the  efforts  to  secure  the 
original  grant  were  writing  from  Missouri,  Wisconsin  and  Illinois, 
urging  me  to  help  in  procuring  the  proposed  new  benefaction. 
Though  I  felt  that  we  were  not  meeting  reasonable  expectations. 
I  was  unable  to  prove  it,  the  Regents  contradictory  and 
self-condemning  statements  not  having  then  appeared.  Hence,  I 
left  it  with  the  Regents  to  clear  or  convict  themselves  before  the 
Legislatures  of  the  State  and  Nation,  hoping  by  this  course 
not  to  jeopardize  the  appropriations  from  either  source,  or  to 
fail  in  giving  the  Regents  the  benefit  of  every  doubt. 

LEGISLATIVE    APPROPRIATION. 

The  Legislature  appropriated  $50,000  for  the  current  expen- 
Bes  of  the  two  following  years,  and  $30,000  for  the  practical 
development  of  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Departments. 
After  the  adjournment,  Mr.  Moulder  resigned  the  office  of  Sec- 
retary and   became  Land  Agent.     The  law  requires  that  "  a 


32  PROFESSOR    CARR's   REPLY. 

practical  agriculturist  must  be  chosen  by  tbe  Board."  R.  B.  C. 
Stearns,  an  estimable  gentleman  and  scientist  of  San  Francisco, 
late  Clerk  of  the  Harbor  Commission,  was  chosen  at  Mr.  Fried- 
landers  urgent  request.  A  vacancy  occurring  in  the  Board,  D.  O. 
Mills,  late  President  of  the  Bank  of  California,  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Bootli,  though  Mr.  Ralston,  President  of  the  Bank  and 
Treasurer  of  the  University,  was  already  a  member.  The  other 
vacancies  occurring  during  the  year  were  filled  by  Governor  Booth 
in  the  a])pointments  of  J.  Mora  Moss,  whose  term  of  service  will 
be  twenty-two  years  ;  J.  W.  Winans  and  J.  M.  Hamilton.  Upon 
the  adjournment  of  the  Legislature,  Mr.  Higbei,  late  Chairman 
of  the  Educational  Committee,  called  upon  and  informed  me 
that  my  way  had  been  made  straight  by  the  action  of  the  Com- 
mittee, and  that  no  further  obstructions  would  be  made  to  the 
progress  of  the  Agricultural  Department.  I  therefore  sent 
another  communication  to  the  Board,  with  respect  to  gardener, 
etc.,  as  follows : 

UNrSTERSITY  OF  CAI.IFORN1A,   April  6th,  1874. 

Genilemeyi  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  I  see  from  the  "Statement  of  the  Board 
of  Regents  (page  68)  that  on  the  removal  to  Berkeley,  the  sum  of  $500  was  placed 
at  the  disposal  of  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  to  secure  the  aid  of  competent 
experts  as  occasional  lecturers  during  the  year,  as  this  is  the  only  intimation  I 
have  ever  received  of  this  action,  I  would  respectfully  ask  for  further  information, 
and  especially  whether  it  is  desired  to  have  such  lectures  given  during  the  present 
collegiate  year." 

Allow  me  to  state  that  the  services  of  a  competent  gardener,  and  of  a  very  well 
trained  assistant  for  general  work  in  gardening  are  at  command  whenever  the 
Board  are  ready  to  authorize  the  prosecution  of  the  work  discontinued  last  year. 
If  the  grounds  for  practical  operations,  propagating  house,  etc.,  have  been  loca- 
ted, I  have  not  been  informed  of  it.  Valuable  seeds  have  been  sent  from  European 
Agricultural  Stations,  which  will  be  worthless  unless  used  the  present  season.  It 
is  very  desirable  to  obtain  for  experiment  a  few  of  the  more  valuable  timber 
trees  of  the  east,  and  this  is  the  proper  time  for  sending  them.  I  should  be  grati- 
fied to  have  the  ground  immediately  contiguous  to  the  agricultural  or  south 
college  building  prepared  for  ornamental  planting,  (that  being  the  only  point 
where  waler  can  now  be  commanded)  in  such  manner  as  will  not  obstruct  the  viev 
or  require  after  modiiication.  Nothing  will  grow  in  the  drift  material  with 
which  the  (original  surface  has  been  covered  to  the  depth  of  several  feet,  except 
the  coarsest  weeds. 

"I  have  received  from  the  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Education  and 
Labor,"  in  the  House  of  Representatives  a  request  for  a  statement  of  our  .condi- 
tion and  progre.ss  in  practical  operations,  and  from  other  sources  we  are  informed 
that  a  Congressional  Committee  will  probably  visit  all  the  institutions  which  have 
received  the  benefit  of  the  grant  of  the  National  Government  sometime  during  the 
summer.  Wishing  to  make  as  good  a  showing  as  possible,  and  realizing  that 
the  working  season  is  nearly  over  for  this  year,  I  will  make  no  apology  for  asking 
early  attention  to  these  subjects  on  the  part  of  the  Board." 

Respectfully  yours,         E.  S.  CARR, 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  33 

SECRETARY    STEARNS'    REPLY. 


OFFICE  OF  THE  BOARD  OF  REGENTS. 

(  University  of  Caijkounia, 
(  San  Francisco,  April  17th,  1874. 
Ezra  S.  Cmr,  Dear  Sir  . — The  Committee  to  whom  was  referred  your  recent 
communication  to  the  Board  of  Regents,  would  like  to  have  you  give  them  in 
writing  some  additional  data,  in  order  that  they  may  be  able  in  the  most  complete 
and  satisfactory  way  to  bring  the  subject  of  Agricultural  Education  before  the 
Board.  First. — Will  you  give  them  your  plan  for  out-door  work — stating  it  in 
as  much  detail  as  possible  so  the  Board  may  understand  just  what  you  would  like 
to  see  done  when  the  outlays  you  ask  for  are  authorized.  .Second. — \\'ill  you 
state  what  improvements  if  any  you  would  like  to  see  made  in  the  indoor  instruc- 
tions pertaining  to  Agriculture.  Third. — Will  you  suggest  the  names  of  persons 
whom  you  would  like  to  have  secured  as  lecturers  in  the  special  cultures  to  which 
you  have  referred.  In  your  reply  you  need  not  feel  restricted  in  space — but 
rather  at  liberty  to  open  the  whole  subject  as  freely  as  possible.  The  communi- 
cation of  any  printed  documents  on  the  subject  of  Agricultural  Education  else- 
where will  be  acceptable  to  the  Committee,  and  especially  some  facts  respecting 
Agricultural  Experimental  stations  in  Europe.  The  Committee  will  meet  again 
on  Tuesday  morning  when  it  is  important  to  receive  your  reply.  The  Board 
has  received  the  communication  which  you  refer  to  from  Washington,  and  pro- 
pose to  make  an  answer  to  it.     Respectfully  yours, 

ROBERT  E.  C.  STEARNS,  Seckptary. 

This  application  for  information,  and  printed  documents  on 
the  subject  of  Agricultural  Education  to  an  incompetent  party, 
by  those  who  know  so  well  what  Agricultural  Education  is  at 
home  and  abroad,  and  who  as  stated,  by  Governors  Booth  and 
Haight  on  the  11th  inst.,  had  decided  "long  ago  "  to  remove  said 
party,  was  promptly  answered. 

OAKT.AND,  September  19  th,  1874. 
R.  E.  C.  STEARNS,  Secretary  of  Board  of  Regents. 
Yours  of  the  17th  inst.  is  received.  In  reply  I  would  say  that  very  careful 
detailed  studies  were  made  of  the  entire  University  domain  with  reference  to  its 
capacity  for  Agricultural  and  Horticultural  purposes,  in  the  year  1870  and  1S71, 
in  which  I  was  assisted  by  Elisha  Lewelling,  Mr.  Hart  Hyatt,  and  other  special 
culturists  whose  long  experience  on  this  coast  and  great  success  entitle  them  to  be 
considered  authorities  on  these  subjects.  The  lands  then  OAvned  by  the  Uni- 
versity and  afterwards  sold  to  Mrs.  Bra5'ton  were  regarded  as  well  adapted  to  the 
purposes  of  an  experimental  station  or  farm  on  account  of  the  sheltered  position, 
water  supply,  etc.  Mr,  Lewelling  was  then  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  and 
believed  it  practicable  through  public  and  private  donations  to  bring  the  Univer- 
sity domain  up  to  six  hundred  acres,  "  little  enough  "  as  he  expressed  it,  "  for  a 
great  State  like  California."  He  and  many  others  with  whom  I  conversed  about 
the  Agricultural  College  looked  to  the  enlargement  of  the  domain  as  necessary." 
"The  plans  and  studies  referred  to,  including  the  kind  of  soil,  exposure,  drain- 
age, etc.,  of  this  and  contiguous  parcels  of  land  were  necessary  preliminaries  to 
intelligent  work,  if  we  should  carry  out  the  principles  Avhich  have  generally 
been  adopted  elsewhere.  I  did  not  consider  that  we  had  land  enough  to  carry 
on  stock  raising  to  any  great  extent,  but  was  satisfied  that  with  that  exception, 
we  could  do  all  that  is  essential  to  a  thorough  Agricultural  education  on  the 
property  then  owned  by  the  University.  After  the  sale  of  the  portion  lying  up 
and  along  Strawberry  Creek,  and  the  death  of  Mr.  Lewelling,  my  efforts  were 
chiefly  directed  to  carrying  forward  the  Horticultural  and  experimental  work  ; 
on  a  smalUr  scale  and  mainly  to  the  following  points.     [See  Appendix,  a.] 


34  PROFESSOR    CARR'S    REPLY. 

First — jl  specimen  orchard,  (see  my  communications  to  the  Board  of  Regents 
1S7U  iiud  1871,)  and  also  the  enclosed  statement  of  School  of  Horticulture  of 
Illinois  Industrial  University. 

I  wi.-hed  this  orchard  to  display  all  the  various  methods  of  training  trees,  as 
standards,  or  on  espaliers  and  supports,  and  to  have  it  contain  one  or  more  speci- 
mens of  every  kind  of  fruit  or  nut  which  can  be  grown  in  our  climate  without 
artificial  heat.  Second. — A  Garden  of  Kconomic  Botany,  iu  which  a  few 
specimens  of  all  useful  plants  shomld  be  arranged  as  in  one  section  of  the  Garden 
of  Plants  at  Paris,  i.  e.,  accordiufj  to  their  uses  as  dyes,  textiles,  medicines,  etc., 
(an  excellent  description  of  this  is  given  in  Robinson's  Parks  and  Gardens  of 
Paris.)  1  have  received  lists  of  these  plants  from  Professor  Milne- Edwards,  the 
director  in  chief.  Third. — An  Arboretum,  and  Botanic  Garden  which  while  for- 
ming a  i)art  of  the  ornamental  planting,  would  also  form  a  grand  collection  of  trees 
and  shrubs,  like  that  to  which  Dr.  Grey  of  Harvard  College  is  now  giving  his  exclu- 
sive care,  and  to  wliich  one  hundred  acres  of  the  most  valuable  property  is  devoted. 
I  Would  have  the  aboretum  so  arranged  and  catalogued  that  the  visitor  or  student 
could  go  through  it  as  through  a  piciure  gallery,  determing  the  rate  of  growth, 
u.ses  and  oiher  important  facta  concerning  each  species.  Fourth. — To  make  a  be- 
ginning in  Forestry,  by  rehabilitating  the  hill  land,  as  soon  as  a  water  supply  is 
provided.  By  putting  iii  Redwood  and  Fir  iroe-^  near  ttie  reservoir  and  distribu- 
ting points,  and  enlarging  from  these  centers  year  by  year  we  should  be  able  to 
rc-clothe  the  hills  without  continued  irrigation.  The  grounds  allotted  to  these 
purposes  should  not  be  obstruded  uptin  more  ornamental  portions,  but  they  should 
be  convenient  of  access  both  to  students  and  visitors.  I  shall  greatly  regret,  if 
the  requirements  of  an  "  Edu(;ational  Pdrk "  prevent  the  adoption  of  plans 
which  1  have  previously  submitted,  not  because  they  (ire  mine  but  because  they 
embody  the  views  of  the  highest  aiith  ritie-<  iu  practical  and  testhetic  horticul- 
ture, which  I  have  been  at  great  pains  to  obtain.  Messrs.  Wilder,  Downing,  Ell- 
wanger  and  Barry  of  Rochester,  Mr.  Robinson  of  the  "Garden"  and  many 
other  experts,  Patrick  Quinn,  the  most  succeshful  small  fruit  cnlturist  in  the 
country,  have  each  given  to  me  on  the  Sfpot,  the  benefit  of  their  judgement  and 
experience.  With  entire  unanimity ,  the  grounds  on  both  sides  of  botli  ravines, 
ii;cluding  from  two  to  three  acres  above  their  confluence,  (leaving  a  chance  for 
the  future  excavation  of  a  small  lake  or  pond  at  thai  point)  down  to  the  went  line 
of  the  domain,  has  been  considered  as  the  best  adapted  to  Agricultural  and  Hor- 
ticultural work.  Neaily  all  the  parties  referred  to  have  suggested  the  desirable- 
ness of  enlarging  our  borders  in  a  westerly  direction.  If  roads  of  importance 
must  traverse  this  part  of  the  domain,  I  w<juld  conceal  by  plantations  the  ruder 
and  more  experimental  plots,  orchards  and  gardens  would  need  no  other  conceal- 
ments than  enclo.sing  hedges,  which  I  would  have  exhibit  all  our  best  hedge 
plants,  native  and  foreign.  One  of  the  mo.st  beautiful  objects  in  California  is  the 
wild  Cherry  hedge  of  Mr.  Wheeler  of  San  Mateo,  now  fifteen  feet  high.  Such 
hedges,  following  by  curved  lines  the  uatur  il  divisions  of  the  surface  could  not 
mar  the  general  effect.  So  of  avenues  of  walnut,  olive  or  fig  trees.  The  exact 
permanent  location  of  grounds  for  these  purposes,  as  well  as  those  more  stricily 
Agrcultural,  having  been  determined  by  the  Board,  the  work  I  would  recom- 
mend for  the  next  two  years  would  bo  as  follows  : 

Fir>t. — The  immediate  organizntion  of  a  students  labor  corps  into  two  divisi- 
ons. First. — The  Educatiowd  ditisiun,  where  the  labor  is  applied  directly  in 
connf  ction  with  Agricultural  and  Plorticultural  instruction.  And  Second. — 
The  Juinmieratict  dioinion,  employed  in  grading  ai]d  such  work  as  has  hitherto 
been  employed  at  a  cost  of  from  lour  to  six  thousand  dollars  per  annum.  Both 
these  divisions  should  bo  enrolled  for  regular  work,  not  to  be  remitted  without 
excuse,  either  for  two  hours  a  day,  or  tour  hours  on  alternate  days,  (see  docu- 
ment of  other  coUege.s)  and  to  be  performed  under  the  Superintendence  of  the 
Agricultural  Profes.^or  and  Gardener  in  the  one  case,  of  the  Secretary  or  other 
re.-pcnsible  <  fBcers  in  the  other.  For  each  d.sy's  work  the  student  should  receive 
a  check  to  be  paid  on  presentation  to  the  Secretary  at  the  end  of  the  month  or 
term. 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  35 

Second. — I  wonld  have  all  the  land  aligned  for  Agricultural  and  IlortleuUurcU 
purposes  ploughed  deeply  and  well,  this  spring,  for  eradication  of  weeds,  and  of 
gophers  and  squirrels  who  destroyed  last  year  more  than  it  would  cost  to  exter- 
minate them.  I  would  have  this  ploughing  repeatt-d  in  the  fall,  using  such 
fertilizers  ms  may  be  advisable,  preliminary  to  the  permanent  orchard  work. 

Third. — T  would  have  the  propagating  house  already  provided  for,  put  up  in 
connection  with  the  farm-house,  in  case  the  latter  is  occupied  bv  the  Profess  )r  of 
Agriculture,  for  the  sake  of  economy  and  protection.  I  would  have  both  these 
erected  as  soon  as  practicable.  The  plan  of  farm-house  submitted  last  year  to 
Mess-rs.  Power  and  Ough,  thtj-  estimated  to  cost  ^4,000.  House,  small  barn  and 
fence  for  bai'n  yard  to  cost  $4,500. 

Fourth. — The  Educational  lab^r  corps  I  would  first  employ  in  finishing  and 
planting  the  border  arouni  the  Agricultural  College,  that  it  may  be  completed 
before  Comencement.  Then,  in  laying  out  beds,  walks,  etc.,  in  Economic  gar- 
den and  in  work  on  orchard  ground.  I  would  have  a  hundred  thousand  seed- 
lings and  cuttings  prepared  for  use  another  year.  The  other  labor  lorps  I  would 
employ  in  grubbing  out  poison  oak,  in  grading,  clearing  out  grounds  along  the 
banks,  care  of  present  plantations,  road  work  etc.,  in  the  mechanical  work 
of  making  gates,  rustic  bridges,  fences,  etc.,  thus  making  these  two  departments 
complement  each  other. 

Fifth. — I  would  put  a  narrow  coping  of  brick  or  artificial  stone  (a  good  specimen 
of  which  may  be  seen  at  Mr.  Spaulding's  place,  in  Oakland,)  laid  around  the 
Agricultural  College,  within  which  I  would  have  a  variety  of  choice  bidding 
plants.  As  soon  as  the  grading  is  finished,  I  would  have  the  ornamental  plant- 
ing around  both  edifices  pushed  with  vigor,  water  being  accessible  at  these 
points.  I  would  have  preparation  made  for  sowing  a  lawn  of  moderate  extent, 
at  the  proper  season. 

Sixth. — I  would  employ  Robert  TumbuU  as  gardtncr  as  .soon  as  his  services  can 
be  obtained,  and  Wm.  Brennan  as  laborer,  fi^rthwith.  I  would  employ  no  other 
work  of  out.siders,  except  for  teaming  and  ploughing  as  a  temporary  expedient. 

In  respect  to  indoor  instruction,  I  would  like  to  have  Dr.  W'ra.  txibbon.s,  of 
Alameda,  give  from  four  to  six  lectures  on  insects  injurious  to  vegetation,  this 
term',  also  to  secure  (later,)  two  lectures  from  Mr.  Livingston  Stone,  on  Fish 
Culture  in  California,  and  two  from  Dr.  John  Streutze'l,  of  Martinez,  on  the 
culture  of  the  Orange  aud  the  Fig.  One  or  more  from  Prof.  Bolander,  on  Indi- 
genous Grasses  would  be  very  acceptable.     This  would  do  for  the  present  year. 

Next  year,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  we  ought  to  have  six  lectures  oq 
Viiiej-ard  culture  and  wine  making,  and  a  short  c  uirse  on  Veterinary  Science. 
I  am  not  prepared  to  suggest  names,  but  will  do  so,  hereafter,  if  desired. 

We  ought  also  to  have  instruction  in  Descri[)tive  Botany,  from  some  one 
familiar  with  the  Flora  of  this  coast,  and  I  feel  assured,  that  with  this  and  the 
speciiil  lectures  provided  for,  and  the  holding  of  a  Farmers'  Institute,  we  shall 
create  a  w  arm  interest  in  the  Agricultural  community  and  increase  the  number 
of  students. 

I  enclose  the  last  pamphlet  from  Illinois  Industrial  University,  the  Massa- 
chusetts Agricultural  College,  plans  of  grounds  and  a  copy  of  the  last  Djpart- 
ment  report.  Also,  a  request  now  made  for  the  fourth  time  from  said  Depart- 
ment. 

It  is  certain  that  Agricultural  Stations  do  not  obviate  the  necessity  of  Agricul- 
tural Colleges,  on  the  broad  bases  of  that  at  Hohenhoim,  Wurtemberg,  (see  p. 
144  of  Dr.  Hoyi's  enclosed  report,)  or  of  Illinois  and  Ma-'sachusetts  Agricultural 
Colleges  in  our  own  country,  but  meet  local  demands  for  both  experiments  and 
instruction.  They  are  becoming  more  and  more  specially  related  to  local  indus- 
tries, such  as  the  beet  sugar,  for  instance.  (There  are  forty  stations  in  Germany 
for  beet  sugar  alone,)  I  hope  we  may  see  three  or  four  such  stations  ou  this 
coast,  connected  with  wine,  silk,  and  sugar  mauufaut<jries,  and  I  hope  to  demoa- 
strale  their  utility  in  our  University  work. 

Regretting  that  time  does  not  permit  me  to  gather  more  information  for  your 
immediate  use,  I  remain  Very  cordially  yours,  EZRA  S.  CARR. 


36  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

This  communication  was  accompained  by  a  carefully  prepared 
agricultural  and  horticultural  map  of  the  grounds,  with  estimates 
of  the  cost  of  farm  building,  out-houses,  implements,  team, 
materials,  labor,  etc.,  limited  by  the  legislative  appropriation  for 
these  purposes  as  follows  : 

Buildiug  and  outhouses,  exclusive  of  propogating  house $5,500  to  $6,500 

Team  and  implements 1,500  to  2,000 

Stock  for  garden  and  grounds 1,000  to  2,000 

Labor  of  all  kinds  for  Agricultural,  Horticultural  and  Botanical 
purposes,  including  gardeners',  students'  and  other  labor, 

exclusive  of  grading  roads 6,000  to  8.000 

Incidentals 1,000  to  1.500 


$15,000  $20,000 
It  will  be  remembered  that  the  Legislative  appropriation  for 
practical  purposes  was  .$30,000.  Had  the  mechanical  labor  of 
students  been  employed  on  buildings  and  propagating  houses,  as 
recommended,  the  above  estimates  would  have  been  sufficient, 
in  case  either  the  larger  or  smaller  total  expenditure  was  reached. 
A  few  days  later  Mr.  Ellis  of  Sacramento,  was  appointed  gar- 
dener, with  a  salary  of  $125  and  a  promise  of  increase,  a  matter 
about  which  I  had  not  been  consulted,  and  the  Secretary  after- 
wards informed  me  that  he  was  expected  to  take  charge  of  the 
agricultural  and  horticultural  work  ubon  the  grounds,  thus 
relegating  my  work  to  the  class  room  and  the  duties  of  my  rov- 
ing commission. 

PROFESSOR    oilman's    SECRET    EFFORTS. 

From  that  time  until  commencement  I  heard  nothing  further 
from  the  Regents.  There  has  never  been  the  slightest  discension 
among  the  Professors.  Between  some  of  them  and  President 
Gilman  a  coolness  existed,  natural  for  men  to  feel  who  were 
aware  of  his  secret  efforts  to  remove  them,  but  he  has  ever  been 
considerered  more  an  officer  of  the  Regents  than  of  the  Faculty. 
At  his  invitation  I  breakfasted  with  him  on  the  morning  of  Com- 
mencement day,  without  an  intimation  of  any  contemplated 
changes  in  the  Agricultural  Department.  The  next  afternoon, 
July  23d,  he  took  part  in  a  meeting  of  the  Regents,  secret  of 
course,  at  which  it  was  resolved  to  establish  eight  agricultural 
lectureships,  to  be  filled  by  four  experts  within  the  State  and 
four  from  the  East.  The  sum  of  $5,000  was  appropriated  to 
defray  the  expenses.  A  Student's  Loan  Fund  was  also  establish- 
ed. Mr.  Stebbins  then  proposed  to  vacate  or  abolish  the  Chair  of 
Agriculture,  which,  being  strongly  objected  to  by  the  new  Re- 
gent, J.  M.  Hamilton,  Master  of  the  State  Grange,  was  dropped 
for  the  time  and  another  resolution  substituted  requesting  me  to 
resign.     The  following  morning  President  Gilman  left  for  the 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  37 

East.  Eight  days  after,  the  Secretary  informed  me  of  this  action 
in  the  following  communication : 

Prof.  E.  S.  Carr: — At  an  informal  meeting  of  the  following  members  of  the 
Board  of  Regents,  July  '2i,  your  resignation  was  requested  by  the  Regents, 
whose  names  are  given  below  : 

Booth,  Hallidie,  Mills,  "Winans, 

DwiNELLE,  Stebbins,  Martin,  Swipt, 

Moss,  Haight,  Gilman. 

Nay,  Hamilton. 
And  I  was  requested  to  communicate  the  same  to  you. 

ROBT.  E.  C.  STEARNS,  Secketary. 
Oakland,  July  31,  1874. 

The  Seretary  also  verbally  informed  me  that;  if  this  request  was 
complied  with,  my  salary  would  be  paid  for  the  next  three 
months. 

Where  the  line  of  formality  ceases  in  a  meeting  in  whicn  so 
much  important  business  is  transacted,  it  is  as  difficult  to  under- 
stand as  it  is  the  "well  meant  courtesy"  of  attempting  summarily 
to  vacate  a  chair,  and  failing  in  that,  to  force  a  resignation.  I 
requested  an  investigation,  the  preferment  of  charges,  etc., 
through  Regent  Felton,  and  placed  my  reply  in  his  hands,  as 
follows : 

To  the  Honorable  Eegents  of  the  University  of  California — Gentlemen  :  I 
have  received,  through  your  Secretary,  the  copy  of  a  vote  taken  at  an  informal 
meeting  of  Regents  Booth,  Stebbins,  Hallidie,  Haight,  Swift,  Winans,  .Mills, 
Moss,  Martin,  Dwinelle  and  President  Gilman,  requesting  my  resignation  and 
the  negative  vote  of  Regent  Hamilton. 

So  great  have  been  the  embarrassments  of  my  position  under  the  inability  or 
disinclination  of  the  Board  to  develope  the  Agricultural  College  according  to 
public  announcements  and  the  official  programme  under  which  I  accepted  the 
appointment,  that  I  should  have  resigned  long  ago,  painful  as  it  would  have  been 
to  sever  my  unexceptionably  pleasant  relations  witn  the  able  and  harmonious 
Faculty  and  students  of  the  University,  had  I  not  felt  a  natural  ambition  to 
leave  behind  me  some  organized  work  as  the  results  of  my  efforts  here. 

I  especially  wished  to  resign  during  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  but  the 
repeated  assurances  of  the  President  to  myself,  and  the  pledges  of  the  representa- 
tive members  of  the  Board  that  these  embarrassments  should  be  removed,  together 
with  the  consequent  appropriations  for  the  Agricultural  Department  induced  me 
to  forego  my  personal  wish. 

Having  consented-  to  remain  only  iipon  such  assurances  and  pledges,  I  cannot 
now  become  a  party  to  an  action,  which,  without  explanation,  would  necessarily 
reflect  upon  either  my  professional  or  personal  character.  An  unquestioned  repu- 
tation is  the  only  heritage  I  can  hope  to  leave  my  children  at  the  close  of  a  life 
devoted  to  instruction. 

And,  aside  from  all  personal  considerations,  I  cannot  now  comply  with  the  re- 
quest of  the  Regents  named  without  an  apparent  abandonment  of  the  cause  of 
industrial  education.  I  therefore  respectfully,  but  positively  decline  to  offer  my 
resignation.     Very  respectfully  yours, 

EZRA  S.  CARR. 

Oakland,  August  6,  1874. 


^93488 


38  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

THE    NEXT    MEETING. 

A  semi-officical  notice  of  the  next  meeting  appeared  in  the 
daily  papers  of  August    12th. 

The  Board  of  Regents  held  a  special  meeting  on  the  11th 
instiint,  to  settle  the  question  of  the  Professorship  of  Agricul- 
ture. There  were  present :  Governor  Booth,  Rev.  Horatio  Steb- 
bins,  William  C.  Ralston,  H.  H.  Haight,  J.  Mora  Moss,  J.  W. 
Dwindle,  J.  West  Martin,  Sam  Bell  McKee,  Louis  Sachs,  John 
B.  Felton,  D.  0.  Mills,  M.  M.  Estee,  John  S.  Hager,  A.  S.  Halli- 
die,  Lawrence  Archer,  Judge  Hamilton  and  John  F.  Swift. 

The  Secretary  notified  Professor  Carrof  the  views  entertained 
by  the  Regents  as  ex])ressed  at  an  informal  meeting  held  July 
23d,  but  had  not  received  any  reply. 

THE  DEPOSING  RESOLUTION. 

Mr.  Stebbins  then,  in  behalf  of  the  Advisory  Committee,  con- 
sisting of  Messrs.  Haight,  Stebbins,  Moss,  Martin  and  Dwinelle, 
offered  the  following  resolutions  : 

First. — For  the  purpose  of  giving  greater  efficienoy  to  the  Faculty  of  Instruc- 
truction  iu  the  University  in  general  and  to  the  Agricultural  Department  in 
{>articular,  which  is  impracticable  without  a  change  in  the  Professorship  of  Agri- 
culture; and  in  view  of  the  incompetency  and  unfitness  of  the  present  incum- 
bent for  the  duties  of  that  chair,  the  Secretary  is  hereby  directed  to  notify  Pro- 
fessor Ezra  S.  Carr  that  his  services  in  the  University  will  be  dispensed  with 
from  this  date,  but  that  he  will  be  allowed  his  salary  for  the  present  month. 

Second. — That  a  Special  Committee  of  three  be  appointed  by  the  Chair,  to 
♦onsider  and  recommend  to  this  Board  the  name  of  a  suitable  person  to  fill  the 
'•hair  of  Professor  of  Agriculture. 

After  it  had  been  decided  to  act  upon  the  resolutions  separ- 
ately, Mr.  Haight  moved  the  adoption  of  the  first  and  a  discus- 
sion followed,  participated  in  by  Messrs.  Dwindle,  Felton,  Estee, 
Hamilton  and  others. 

Mr.  Hamilton  declared  that  no  specific  charges  had  been  made 
against  Professor  Carr ;  that  there  was  only  a  general  statement 
that  he  was  incompetent,  and  that  his  removal  would  be  looked 
upon  by  the  formers  and  mechanics  of  the  State  as  a  blow 
aimed  at  the  mechanical  and  agricultural  interests. 

Mr.  Felton  joined  Mr.  Hamilton  in  opposing  the  resolution  for 
the  same  reason,  and  insisted  that  if  there  were  charges  against 
him,  they  should  be  investigated. 

Mr.  Dwindle  said  that  he  would  not  vote  for  the  removal  of 
Mr.  Carr,  because  during  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature  he 
had  promised  members  that  that  gentleman  should  not  be  re- 
moved-. Mr.  Estee  said  his  action  might  seem  inconsistent,  but 
he  believed  it  inadvisable  to  remove  the  Professor  in  the  present 
state  of  public  sentiment  upon  the  subject. 

Governor  Haight,  Governor  Booth,  and  other  Regents,   de- 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  39 

dared  that  Professor  Carr's  incompetency  was  well  known  to  all 
the  Regents,  and  was  too  notorious  to  need  any  investigation  ; 
that  his  removal  had  been  determined  on  long  ago,  and  that  it 
would  be  best  for  him  and  for  the  University  that  there  should 
be  no  useless  discussion  or  publicity. 

A    FUTILE    ATTEMPT    TO    PROCRASTINATE. 

The  following  substitute  for  the  first  resolution  was  offered  by 
Mr.  Hallidie : 

Resolved,  That  the  Advisory  Committee  is  hereby  requested  to  examine  into 
and  report  to  this  Board  any  irregularities,  insufficiencies  or  incompetencies  that 
may  exist,  or  may  have  existed,  in  the  administration  of  any  department  of  in- 
struction in  thb  XJniversity,  and  if  in  its  opinion  any  changes  should  be  made. 
The  Committee  is  empowered  to  add  to  itself  any  additional  members  of  the 
Board,  to  hold  its  sessions  with  open  doors  or  otherwise,  and  to  adopt  such  meas- 
ures to  further  the  public  interest  as  their  judgment  may  dictate  or  suggest,  and 
to  report  the  facts  to  the  Board. 

The  substitute  was  defeated  by  a  tie  vote  and  the  original 
resolution  was  then  adopted  by  the  following  vote :  Ayes — - 
Regents  Booth,  Mills,  Winans,  Stebbins,  Archer,  Martin,  McKee, 
Swift,  Moss,  Ralston  and  Haight.  Noes — Regents  Estee,  Halli- 
die, Dwindle,  Sachs,  Felton  and  Hamilton.  Excused — Regent 
Hagar.  Absent — Regents  Pacheco,  Bolander,  Carey,  Bowie 
and  Gilman. 

Regent  Hamilton  then  offered  a  protest  against  the  removal  of 
Professor  Carr,  embodying  the  objection  he  had  urged  in  his 
speech,  and  requested  that  the  same  be  placed  on  record.  It 
was  as  tbllows : 

I  protest  against  the  summary  removal  of  Prof.  Carr  at  this  time. 

First. — Because  such  removal  will  be  in  direct  violation  of  pledges  made  by 
friends  of  the  University  to  the  House  Committee  on  Education  of  the  last  Leg- 
islature. 

Second. — I  believe  such  an  act  is  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  a  large  class  of 
the  friends  of  the  University,  viz.,  the  agrioulturists  and  mechanics  of  Califor- 
nia,  and  will  go  far  to  confirm  the  belief  that  the  vacating  of  the  Chair  of  Pro- 
fessor of  Agriculture  at  this  time  is  uioro  to  gratify  personal  feeling  than  to  sub- 
serve the  public  interest. 

Third. — Because  such  removal  will  have  the  effect  of  strengthening  opposition 
to  the  present  management  and  give  color  to  the  charge  now  so  openly  preferred. 
That  the  President  and  Regents  are  striving  to  build  up  a  purely  literary  institu- 
tion at  Berkley  at  the  expense  of  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  interests,  and 
are  thus  diverting  the  University  from  the  original  purpose  for  which  it  waa 
formed,  by  either  ignoring  entirely  or  making  those  objects  secondary  which  the 
organic  act  declared  should  be  primary    ones. 

Fourth. — Because  the  stimmary  dismissal  of  any  Profeasor  of  the  University 
for  alleged  incompetency,  without  first  granting  the  accused  the  privilege  of  a 
hearing,  and  iin  opportunity  to  defend  himself  from  the  charges  made  against 
him,  is  demoralizing  in  its  tendency,  and  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  principles 
of  right  and  equity  which  should  ever  prevail  in  the  management  of  the  institu- 
tion. J.  M.  HAMILTON 

The  Regents  refused  to  receive  it.     A  respectful,  yet  firm  and 

pointed  protest  was  also  presented  from  a  Joint  Committee  of  • 


40  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

nine,  representing  the  State  Grange,  the  Mechanics'  State  Coun- 
cil and  Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly.  In  the  interval  be- 
tween the  two  meetings  many  respectable  organizations  had 
passed  condemnatory  resolutions,  and  the  newspapers,  religious 
and  secular,  had  with  almost  entire  unanimity  voiced  the  popu- 
lar sentiment  with  regard  to  the  proposed  action. 

REGENT    STEBBINS. 

The  falsehood  contained  in  the  resolution  offered  by  Rev. 
Regent  Stebbins  is  only  equaled  by  its  malignity.  That  the 
Board  should  retreat  behind  the  insinuation  that  it  were  "  best 
for  me  that  there  should  be  no  useless  publicity,"  though  I  had 
asked  for  an  investigation,  was  no  surprise,  for  it  was  the  line 
adopted  in  Professor  Fisher's  case.  It  is  the  common  policy  of 
cowardice  to  stab  in  the  dark.  Timely  warning  had  been  been 
sent  me  from  the  East  by  parties  to  whom  they  had  applied  for 
information,  which  they  hoped  might  help  to  justify  their  action 
wath  the  public.  They  had  even  requested  such  information  to 
be  telegraphed,  so  great  was  their  need. 

GOVERNOR    BOOTH. 

That  Governor  Booth  should  turn  his  back  upon  the  men  who 
elected  him,  and  thg  principles  he  had  professed  to  favor,  was 
consistent  with  his  past  history. 

During  the  canvas  for  Governor  he  spoke  warmly  for  the  Un- 
versity  to  the  citizens  of  Oakland.  That  object  attained,  he 
opposed  the  necessary  appropriations  for  buildings,  but  the 
measure  was  carried  in  spite  of  the  "  crack  of  the  executive 
whip,"  as  Senator  Tompkins  expressed  it.  (See  Senate  Proceed- 
ings in  Sacramento  Union,  April  1st,  1872.) 

He  was  severe  in  his  criticisms  on  the  administration  and  ex- 
travagance of  the  Regents.  He  defeated  the  election  of  Regent 
Tom})kins  to  the  Presidency  and  secured  that  of  his  obsequious 
follower,  Gilman,  who  he  will  doubtless  drop  as  readily  when- 
ever his  interest  requires  it.  When  Governor  Booth  was 
inaugurated,  Governor  Haight  urgently  requested  the  attendance 
of  the  University  cadets  to  give  eclat  to  the  occasion,  and  help 
to  secure  those  very  ap])ropriations,  but  no  hint  was  given  as  to 
the  way  in  which  the  expenses  of  the  trip  were  to  be  met.  The 
Faculty  voted  the  students  leave  of  absence  on  condition  that 
$500  could  be  raised  to  defray  the  expenses  of  the  battalion.  No 
money  being  obtained,  at  the  last  moment  I  gave  President  Du- 
rant  my  check  for  that  amount.  A  few  weeks  later,  on  the  visit 
of  the  Legislative  Committee,  they  and  the  Regents  were  sumpt- 
uously entertained  at  Blaise's  and  Tubbs'  Hotel,  at  the  expense 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  41 

of  the  University,  (See  Mr.  Moulder's  testimony  before  the  In- 
vestigating Committee,  1873-4.)     That 

GOVERNOR    HAIGHT. 

Was  forced  to  resort  to  the  desperate  threat  made  to  Regent 
Swift,  that  unless  he  (Swift)  would  vote  against  me,  he  (Haight) 
would  resign,  did  not  susprise  me,  for  Governor  Haight,  through 
his  appointments,  is  responsble  for  the  present  condition  of 
things.  The  powers  of  the  Regents  have  been  more  and  more 
centralized  from  the  beginning,  every  vacancy,  with  a  single  ex- 
ception, being  filled  with  the  personal  friends  or  business 
associates  of  the  Regents.  Those  cunning  provisions  of  the 
Organic  Act,  which  enabled  him  to  dispense  with  confirmations, 
and  by  which  "  no  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the 
University  shall  be  deemed  a  public  ofiicer  by  virtue  of  such 
membership,  or  required  to  take  any  oath  of  office  ;  but  his  em- 
ployment as  such  shall  be  held  and  deemed  exclusively  a  private 
trust,"  (See  Organic  Act,  Section  11,)  could  hardly  have  escaped 
his  observation. 

The  recent  presentation  by  Governor  Haight  of  "  Our  Uni- 
versity" at  the  Yale  College  Commencement  shows  plainly 
enough  that  the  aim  of  the  Regents  has  not  been  to  execute  the 
noble  purposes  of  Congress  and  the  State,  but  still  further  to 
enlarge  and  concentrate  their  own  powers.  The  skillful  manipu- 
lation of  and  changes  in  the  Organic  Act  and  laws  relating  to 
the  University,  such  as  making  the  President  a  voting  member 
of  the  Board,  conferring  upon  it  the  power  of  removing  Profess- 
ors at  pleasure,  which  changes  were  effected  by  Governor  Booth's 
Code  examiner,  Regent  Dwinelle,  are  sufficient  illustrations. 

The  managing  Regents,  known  as  the  Advisory  Committee, 
are  not  for  the  first  time  on  the  defensive.  They  were  deeply 
and  equally  implicated,  and  President  Gilman  with  them,  in 
whatever  "  informalities  "  or  irregularities  attended  the  construc- 
tion of  the  College  of  Letters.  They  are  equally  responsible 
for  the  sale  of  the  agricultural  farm  and  other  landed  property 
at  Berkeley,  and  for  the  use  of  the  funds  in  speculative  enter- 
prises. 

REGENTS    ON    THE    DEFENSIVE. 

That  Mr.  Dwinelle  felt  himself  committed  to  an  offensive 
neutrality  did  not  surprise  me,  nor  will  it  the  Legislative  Com- 
mittees, who  were  acquainted  with  the  damaging  reasons  which 
made  such  pledges  necessary  in  his  case. 

That  honorable  men  in  the  Board,  personally  unacquainted 
with  me,  should  lend  themselves  to  an  act  of  almost  unparallel- 
ed injustice  in  the  history  of  public  institutions,  is  to  be  accounted 


42  PROFESSOR    CARR'S    REPLY. 

for  only  on  the  theory  that  they  are  ignorant  of  the  facts  and 
acting  upon  false  information.  Of  those  members  who  urged  an 
investigation  into  the  true  reasons  for  this  action,  and  whose  re- 
jected resolution  furnishes  sufficient  evidence  of  their  uprightness, 
it  can  only  he  said  that  they  did  what  they  could.  The  only 
member  of  that  Board  who  ever  held  a  College  office,  and  whose 
honored  name  is  known  through  the  wo^ld  of  letters,  has  most 
earnestly  resisted  these  arbitrary  measures.  They  had,  unfor- 
tunately, placed  too  much  power  in  the  hands  of  the  President, 
a  jierson  without  experience  in  Government,  without  knowledge, 
interest  or  sympathy  in  industrial  education,  and  who  had  ob- 
tiiined  a  recognized  position  among  the  obstructionists.  They 
would  be  the  first  to  see  the  absurdity  of  asking  a  Board  of  Far- 
mers and  Mechanics  to  control  the  affairs  of  a  law  school.  Yet 
they  have  op})osed  the  admission  into  their  body  of  any  repre- 
sentatives from  the  classes  the  foundation  was  primarily  intended 
to  benefit.  There  are  plenty  of  men  in  those  classes  who  are 
the  peers  of  the  Regents  in  intellectual  ability.  The  Board  of 
Regents,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  an  anomaly  in  the  history 
of  democratic  institutions.  It  is  virtually  a  self-perpetuating 
close  corporation,  managing  a  property  already  worth  more  than 
a  million  dollars,  commanding  an  important  and  constantly  in- 
creasing political  influence.  Already  the  skillful  dispensing  of 
patronage  has  made  itself  felt  at  Berkeley.  What  it  may  be- 
come in  the  future  requires  no  illustration. 

THE    FACULTY    IN    THE    DARK. 

In  no  institution  with  which  I  have  been  connected  or  have 
any  knowledge,  is  the  position  of  the  Faculty  so  depreciated, 
ignoble  and  insecure.  No  talents,  however  eminent,  no  zeal  or 
ability  however  tried,  can  count  as  an  element  of  success  where 
there  is  a  secret  policy  to  be  maintained  which  the  teacher  is  ig- 
norant of.  Every  Professor  wishes  to  keep  his  department 
abreast  of  the  time,  and  should  feel  at  liberty  in  the  employ- 
ment of  means  and  methods  of  which  he  is  the  best  judge.  The 
Faculty  of  our  University  have  been  working  in  the  dark,  es- 
pecially those  engaged  in  scientific  instruction.  When  Professor 
Rising  was  appointed  to  the  Professorshif)  of  Mining  and  Metal- 
lurgy it  was  reasonable  to  suppose  it  meant  instruction  in  those 
branches — the  possible  practical  opening  of  the  College  of  Mines. 
But  when  he  arrived.  Regent  Stebbins  had  written  to  him  that  he 
was  not  expected  to  give  instruction  in  mining  or  metallurgy, 
and,  as  my  appointment  as  Professor  of  Chemistry  had  never 
been  revoked,  we  were  in  doubt  what  position  it  was  expected  he 
would  fill.     We  could  only  understand  this:  That  there  was 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  43 

one  policy  presented  to  the  public  and  another  quite  different 
policy,  never  plainly  expressed,  which  was  directing  the  educa- 
tional features  of  the  institution. 

The  former  President  had  no  seat  in  the  Board,  and  no  re- 
sponsibility in  determining  its  action. 

It  is  no  singular  that  the  Regents  should  wish  to  exchange 
my  services  for  those  of  a  stranger  to  the  events  herein  narrated. 
I  came  to  California  to  study  its  industries  with  a  view  to  em- 
ploying the  information  thus  gained  in  another  field. 

My  letters  of  introduction  presented  to  Governor  Haight,  Mr. 
Stebbins  and  other  prominent  citizens  secured  every  needed 
facility,  and  were  from  sources  which  warranted  their  confidence 
and  justified  my  election  to  the  Professorship  from  which  they 
have  removed  me.  My  record  up  to  that  time  was  well  known 
to  them.  1  had  been  constantly  employed  in  prominent  institu- 
tions for  nearly  thirty  years.  A  Professorshij)  was  open  to  my 
acceptance  in  an  Eastern  College  when  I  was  appointed  here. 

POSITION    DEFINED. 

In  the  University  of  California  I  have  had  the  misfortune  to 
be  the  only  representative  of  the  agricultural  interests,  though 
not  their  only  friend.  1  saw  the  land  sold  which  was  so  necessa- 
ry to  our  practical  education  ;  then  announcements  so  changed 
that  the  Agricultural  College,  as  such,  no  longer  existed.  Then 
the  accommodations  designed  for  its  use  were  taken  for  other 
purposes.  Then  a  Loan  Fund  substituted  for  the  self-respect- 
ing manual  labor  system  required  by  law,  and,  finally,  an 
attempt  to  vacate  the  Chair  of  Agriculture.  I  was  powerless  to 
prevent  these  evils.  That  I  loyally  and  honorably  desired  it, 
and  presented  my  views  first  of  all  to  the  Regents,  is  proven  in 
the  foregoing  pages.  The  necessity  for  a  "  change  in  the  Pro- 
fessorship," so  strongly  put  by  Regent  Stebbins  in  his  studiedly- 
insulting  resolution,  was  not  so  much  to  give  "  greater  efiiciency 
to  the  department "  as  to  secure  its  permanent  inefficiency  and 
the  private  ends  of  President  Oilman  and  the  Advisory  Com- 
mittee. It  is  not  unlikely,  und^r  the  tremendous  jjressure  of 
public  opinion,  that  a  spasmodic  attempt  will  now  be  made  to 
show  zeal  and  efficiency  in  promoting  the  practical  features  so 
presistently  neglected,.  Those  who  were  present  on  Connnence- 
ment  day  will  remember  that  when  the  President  and  Regent 
Stebbins  announced  the  progranmie  for  the  coming  ye^ir,  there 
was  nothing  promised  in  these  directions. 

COLLEGE    OF    MECHANIC    ARTS. 

You  have  asked  for  information,  also,  concerning  the  College 


44  PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY. 

of  Mechanic  Arts.  As,  to  the  inquiries  of  Congress  concerning 
the  agricultural  department,  the  answer  must  be  made,  that  six 
years  after  our  organization  we  had  neither  experimental  farm, 
or  stock  or  team,  or  farming  machinery  or  implements  ;  that  we 
had  not  planted  a  fruit  tree,  so  of  the  department  of  mechanic 
arts  it  must  be  said,  we  have  no  shops,  no  practical  instruction 
or  special  teacher.  Much  valuable  theoretical  instruction  is 
given  by  Prof  Le  Conte  to  the  students  of  all  the  so-called  Col- 
leges, in  conunon.  The  logic  which  has  been  employed  by 
Gilman  and  the  Regents  would  make  not  only  every  high  school 
and  academy  in  the  State  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college, 
but  those  of  law,  medicine  and  divinity,  for  they  all  "touch  upon" 
subjects  related  to  these  pursuits.  But  no  amount  of  logic  will 
convince  the  farmers  and  mechanics  of  the  State  that  a  horse 
chestnut  and  a  chestnut  horse  are  of  the  same  practical  value,  or 
that  the  Colleges  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts,  without 
farm  or  shops  to-day,  were  the  "  first  equipped  with  the  necesa.- 
ry  apparatus." 

CORNELL    UNIVERSITY. 

A  good  deal  of  the  work  upon  the  Cornell  University  buildings 
was  done  by  the  mechanical  students.  President  White  says 
of  this  department  in  Cornell's  University :  "  Professorships  of 
Industrial  Mechanics  and  Practical  Mechanics  were  early  estab- 
lished and  filled.  Valuable  models  were  imported ;  a  large 
amount  of  machinery  was  acquired.  Hon.  Hiram  Sibley  erected 
a  building  expressly  for  this  purpose,  gave  $10,000  to  furnish  it, 
and  afterwards  a  donation  of  $30,000  for  its  equipment.  There 
are  now  closely  connected  with  the  lecture  room,  in  which  the 
theoretical  side  of  mechanic  arts  is  presented,  other  rooms  for 
the  designing  and  modeling  of  machinery,  and  work-shops  fitted 
with  power  and  machinery  for  working  in  wood  and  metals,  in 
which  the  practical  side  will  be  conducted.  The  machine  shop 
is  to  be  conducted  wholly  as  a  means  of  instruction,  and  each 
student  will  be  required  to  devote  at  least  two  hours  of  the  day 
to  work  in  the  shop,  so  that  he  will  not  only  get  theory  and  prac- 
tice combined,  but  he  will  also  have  opportunies  to  construct  and 
use  tools  of  the  greatest  precision.  Each  candidate  for  the  de- 
gree of  Bachelor  of  Mechanical  Engineering  will  be  given  an 
opportunity  to  design  and  construct  some  machine  or  piece  of 
apparatus,  or  conduct  a  series  of  experiments,  approved  by  the 
dej)artment,  such  as  promise  to  be  of  public  utility.  A  special 
course  will  be  arranged  with  such  young  men  as  have  a  fair 
knowledge  of  the  machinist's  or  pattern-maker's  trade,  who  de- 
sire to  fit  themselves  for  foremen  or  leading  positions  in  their 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  45 

business.  Practice  will  be  given  in  work  of  the  highest  class, 
with  thorough  instructions  in  draughting  and  mathematics. 
From  such  students,  forty-five  hours  per  week,  aside  from  reci- 
tations, will  be  required,  either  in  the  machine  shop  or  draught- 
ing room,"  etc.     (See  Cornell  University  register,  pp.  73-74.) 

The  history  of  our  Mechanic  Arts  College  is  confined  to  the 
courses  of  general  lectures  in  San  Francisco,  given  each  Winter 
by  the  Professors  of  the  University,  as  a  part  of  their  intruc- 
tion.  These  certainly  have  had  no  special  relation  to  the  me- 
chanic arts.  Useful  as  they  have  been  in  information  imparted 
and  by  inspiring  a  kindly  feeling  towards  the  University,  they  in 
no  respect  lessen  the  necessity  of  carrying  out  in  good  faith  the 
provisions  of  the  law.  The  scientific  lectures  given  in  Boston 
year  after  year  by  no  means  Bupplied  the  want  of  a  Technological 
School,  which  divided  these  with  the  Massachuesetts  Agricultural 
College,  the  proceeds  of  the  Congressional  grant.  When  the 
President  of  that  school,  Mr.  Kunkle,  came  to  this  coast,  three 
years  ago,  and  purchased  a  five  stamp-mill  from  H.  J.  Booth  & 
Co.,  of  San  Francisco,  and  shipped  Colorado  ores  by  the  ton  for 
his  Boston  students  to  experiment  with,  the  firm  generously  pre- 
sented a  similar  mill,  through  me,  to  the  University  of  California. 
It  has  never  been  set  up,  nor  do  I  know  what  has  bocome  of  it. 

WHAT    HAS    BECOME    OE^THE    $30,000  ? 

At  the  opening  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute  lectures  in  San 
Francisco  last  year.  President  Gilman  announced  that  the  sum 
of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  a  year  for  two  years  had  been  guar- 
anteed by  some  of  the  wealthy  gentlemen  of  San  Francisco  to 
carry  on  certain  branches  of  technological  instruction. 
Just  what  relation  this  had  to  the  University  1  do  not 
know ;  there  has  been  no  public  announcement  that  such  in- 
struction is  yet  furnished,  or  that  it  is  to  be  furnished  the 
coming  Winter.  I  believed  at  the  time  it  was  an  adroit  move 
to  checkmate  the  establishment  of  a  Mechanic  Arts  College  at 
Berkeley. 

THE    OBJECT    OF    AGRICULTURAL    COLLEGES. 

The  fact  should  never  be  lost  sight  of  that  the  object  of  Agri- 
cultural Colleges  is  to  fit  men  for  the  business  of  agriculture,  to 
train  men  in  the  rural  and  domestic  sciences,  arts  and  economies 
— in  other  words,  to  })ut  brains  into  these  pursuits,  and  elevate 
them  to  the  dignity  of  other  callings.  We  have  had  us  many 
translations  of  the  words  of  the  Congressional  Act  "  in  order  to 
promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  the  pursuits  of  agricultural  and  the  mechanic  arts," 
as  if  they  were  written  in  the  arrow-headed  characters  of  ancient 


46  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY. 

Ninevah.  Congress  meant  to  endow  schools  that  would  bear 
the  satne  relation  to  those  pursuits  that  Schools  of  Law  and 
Medicine  do  to  tliose  ])rofessions.  As  far  as  this  is  done  the  re- 
sults are  all  that  could  reasonably  be  expected.  Where  they  are 
managed  in  the  interests  of  other  pursuits,  as  in  our  own  case, 
they  are  not  eminent  successes.  The  question  as  to  who  is  to 
blame  can  easily  be  settled  by  enquiring  who  has  the  responsi- 
bility ;  for  in  a  matter  like  this,  ignorance  is  not  a  valid  plea. 
Farmers  and  mechanics  must  take  the  management  of  institu- 
tions designed  for  their  benefit,  into  their  own  hands  if  they 
would  have  them  succeed.  No  other  classes  are  or  can  be  so  deep- 
ly interested  in  their  success. 

The  average  time  since  the  opening  of  the  thirty-nine  Agri- 
cultural Colleges,  enjoying  the  national  benefaction,  is  less  than 
five  years.  Twenty-four  of  them  had,  a  year  ago,  an  attendance 
of  2,604  students,  with  321  instructors — an  average  of  109  and 
12.3,  respectively  ;  while  the  217  old  institutions  (from  30  to 
100  years  old)  which  reported  their  collegiate  and  past  graduate 
students,  in  1872  had  20,866  and  3,018  instructors — an  average 
of  95  and  13.8,  respectively.  They  have  called  out  State  and 
individual  donations  to  a  very  large  amount.  Thirteen  of  them 
have  thus  received  $'2,923,550.  Eighteen,  not  including  the 
richest,  Cornell,  possess  property  and  funds  to  the  amount  of 
$8,272,382.  Neither  is  it  true  that  nineteen-twentieths  of  their 
graduates  never  take  to  agriculture  for  a  living. 

Massachusetts  is  not  an  agricultural  State,  but  she  says  of  the 
filty-seven  graduates  of  her  Agricultural  College,  "A  large  por- 
tion of  them  have  engaged  in  agricultural  and  horticultural  pur- 
suits." Michigan  says  of  her  sixty-seven  graduates,  "A  large 
portion  of  them  have  devoted  themselves  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits." If  Cornell  University  has  but  four  Agricultural  stu- 
dents, we  are  sorry  for  the  State  of  New  York,  which  ought  to 
have  4,000.  Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Iowa,  are  making 
educated  farmers  by  the  hundred  in  Agricultural  Colleges,  sepa- 
rated Irom  the  overpowering  influence  of  literary  and  purely 
scientific  education.  The  difference  is  in  the  omission  of  the 
practical,  for  the  quality  and  quantity  of  theoretical  instruction 
is  nearly  the  same  in  both  cases:  And  more  than  all,  the  dificr- 
ence  is  in  the  spirit  of  the  administrative  or  directing  power  of 
the  Institutions.  * 

CONCLUSION. 

The  President  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  Gov.  Booth,  has 
said,  "In  the  broad  daylight  of  free  inquiry  and  full  infor- 
mation, the  people  are  responsible  for  every  public  abuse."   .ilf 


PROFESSOR  CARR'S  REPLY.  47 

my  removal  has  stimulated  enquiry,  and  furnished  needed  infor- 
mation, if  what  1  have  said  will  lead  the  jjeople  to  guard  with 
more  zealous  care  the  precious  inheritance  intrusted  to  them,  a 
great  benefit  will  have  been  secured  at  a  trifliiig  cost. 

The  opportunities  the  Regents  claim  to  have  had  to  judge 
of  my  fitness  and  competency  have  never  been  improved,  for  not 
one  who  voted  for  my  removal  is  an  agriculturist,  and  not  one, 
including  Regent  Gilraan,  was  ever  present  at  one  of  my  lectures 
to  the  agricultural  class.  The  same  lectures,  general  and  speci- 
al, before  farmers'  clubs  and  associations  have  been  cordially 
approved,  and  their  publication  requested.  My  life-long  interest 
and  association  with  the  working  men  of  the  country  has  given 
me  a  vital  interest  in  all  their  organizations.  In  this  lies  the 
secret   of  my  offence  to  the  Univerisity  and  its  present  rulers. 

That  our  colleges  have  fostered  a  spirit  of  caste  which  has 
made  them  uncomfortable,  to  say  the  least,  for  students  of  in- 
dustry, will  not  be  denied  by  those  who  witnessed  the  early  efforts 
to  graft  the  new  education  upon  the  old. 

They  have  been  aristocratic  rather  than  democratic  in  their 
tendencies.  We  have  no  other  aristocracy  than  that  of  wealth, 
and  within  a  few  years  we  have  seen  how  dangerous  and  how 
corrupting  the  power  of  concentrated  wealth  may  become.  The 
people  must  erect  their  own  safeguards.  Let  our  public  institu- 
tions remain  and  become  more  and  more  popular  in  the  highest 
sense  if  the  word — exponents  of  the  traditions,  spirit  and  deter- 
mination of  the  people  of  California,  rather  than  a  handful  of 
politicians  and  capitalists.  Instead  of  separating  our  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanical  schools  from  those  of  Letters  and  the 
Professions,  let  us  have  the  latter  developed  around,  not  above, 
the  Industrial  in  the  order  of  their  necessity  to  the  public  wel- 
fare. Let  their  interests  be  confided  to  representative,  unselfish 
men,  who  have  faith  in  the  intrinsic  dignity  of  all  labor  and  in 
the  elevation  of  the  people.     Respectfully  submitted, 

EZRA  S.  CARR. 

Oakland,  September  5,  1874. 


^PPEISTDIX. 


I  have  frequently  alluded  in  the  foregoing  pages  to  the  "State- 
ment "  of  the  Regents  to  a  Joint  Committee  of  the  Legislature 
of  1873-74,  appointed  at  their  request,  which  they  say  was 
"Carefully  considered  by  them,  unanimously  adopted  and  certi- 
fied to  as  correct  in  all  its  particulars."  This  document  is  dated 
March  4,  1874.  It  not  only  contradicts  itself  in  important  par- 
ticulars, but  is  at  variance  with  other  well  attested  facts,  docu- 
ments and  records. 

The  Regents  tell  us  (page  37  of  Statement)  that  they  have 
either  sold  or  contracted  to  sell  the  entire  grant  of  150,000 
acres  at  $5.00  per  acre,  in  gold  coin,  net,  20  per  cent,  being  paid 
down,  the  remaining  80  per  cent,  hearing  interest  at  10  per 
cent,  per  annum.  This  should  give  us  a  productive  fund  of  $750,- 
000,  or  an  income  of  $75,000  per  annum.  The  law  of  Con- 
gress requires  this  to  be  invested  in  United  States  Stocks  or 
other  safe  stocks.     It  is  not  so  invested. 

The  tfetal  amount  of  principal,  cash,received  at  date  of  State- 
ments, was  $114,025.47,  of  this  amount,  $79,709.96  was  in  the 
hands  of  Regent  Ralston,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  six  per 
cent,  per  annum.  $34,315.51  was  expended  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Brayton  Estate,  for  which  Regent  Tompkins  was  agent;  (see 
pages  33  and  34.)  Applications  on  file  and  certificates  of  de- 
posit to  the  amount  of  $94,573,  "  bearing  interest  at  10  per 
cent."  are  in  the  hands  of  the  Land  Agent,  the  money  in  the 
Bank  of  California,  but  no  account  of  interest  allowed  by  said 
Bank  appears  in  the  exhibit  of  the  Regents,  (see  page  35.) 
Four  dollars  credit  per  acre  on  94,573  acres  amounts  to  $378,- 
292  and  should  have  been  drawing  interest,  otherwise  the  income 
from  the  land  fund  is  diminished  at  the  rate  of  $37,829  per 
annum. 

A  still  more  serious  evil  appears  in  the  fact  that  the  Regents 
have  so  framed  their  regulations,  that  the  purchaser  is  not 
obliged  to  pay  interest  on  the  credit  portion  of  his  purchase 
money  until  his  title  is  obtained.  The  time  intervening  be- 
tween the  application  and  rendering  of  patent  may  be  extended 
for  years,  while  the  land  is  occupied  and  cleared  of  timber.  No 
bonds  had  been  given  guarding  against  such  a  contingency  up  to 
the   1st  of  July  last ;  while  on  page  36  of  the  Statements  we 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  49 

find  that  8,840  acres  have  been  forfeited  by  applicants  and  re- 
turned to  the  Land  Agent.  We  have  seen  from  the  Statements 
that  $79,709.96  of  the  Agricultural  Land  Fund  was  drawing 
interest  at  six  per  cent,  per  annum  ;  $34,315.51,  tein])orarly  in- 
vested in  property,  subject  to  a  mortgage  of  $50,000,  bearing 
originally  ten  and  later  nine  per  cent,  per  annum  interest,  and 
$94,583  drawing  no  interest  at  all  up  to  the  1st  of  July  last,  as 
appears  from  the  books.  '*'  I  submit  this  as  conclusive  evidence 
of  the  care,  the  ability,  and  the  fidelity  "  with  which  the  Re- 
gents say,  "  they  have  administered  the  responsible  and  onerous 
trust  confided  to  them." 

Again,  with  reference  to  the  Bray  ton  property,  or  rather 
"  four  full  blocks  in  the  heart  of  the  growing  city  of  Oakland," 
we  are  told,  "  it  has  cost  to  date,  including  $11,386.25,  paid  as 
interest  on  the  mortgage,  the  sum  of  $112,476.25  ;  "  (page  34 
of  Statements.)  On  page  44  of  the  Financial  Exhibit,  the 
property  is  stated  to  have  cost  $113,592.45,  (Brayton  Estate,) 
and  the  "College  of  California  property  including  the  block  and 
buildings  thereon  "  $49,030.04,  or  $162,000  for  the  four  full 
blocks. 

Blocks  No.  2  and  3,  purchased  of  the  Brayton  Estate,  cost 
$94,315.51,  according  to  the  Statements  on  page  40,  in  this  man- 
ner :  They  assumed  a  50,000  mortgage  for  Mrs.  Brayton,  "  and 
transferred  to  the  vendors  the  outside  property,  valued  at  about 
$30,000,  adjoining  the  University  site  at  Berkeley,  which  had 
been  obtained  without  any  additional  cash  expenditure."  But, 
on  the  $50,000  mortgage  $11,386.25  interest  was  paid,  also  $2,- 
929.51  for  some  unexplained  purpose,  as  will  be  seen  by  referring 
to  page  34,  where  we  find  that  $34,315.51  of  the  principal  of  the 
land  fund  was  "  temporarily  invested"  in  this  purchase,  $20,- 
000  of  this  specific  sum  having  been  paid  subsequently  for  an- 
other block  of  Brayton  property  "  to  complete  the  quadrangle." 
We  find  that  the  addition  of  $11,386.25  to  that  sum  leaves  $2,- 
929.51  unaccounted  for,  making  the  entire  cost  of  the  two  blocks 
upon  which  the  mortgage  rested,  as  above  stated. 

If  the  block  and  buildings  formerly  belonging  to  the  College 
of  California,  are  considered  as  a  part  of  the  "  purchase  "  which 
has  ])roved  valuable  to  the  State,  "  being  worth  many  thousand 
dollars  more  than  it  has  cost,"  the  total  cost  of  the  four  full 
blocks  may  be  summed  up  as  follows,  according  to  the  Regents' 
own  showinsr : 


50  PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPl-Y. 

The  CoUege  Block,  or  No.  1,  cost $49,030.04 

Blocks  2  and  ',i,  (Brayton  property,)  cost,  by  mortgage  assumed C  150,000.00 

Interest  on  the  same \    11,386.25 

Item  unaccounted  for (      2,929.26 

$94,315.52 

Vacatit  Block,  No.  4,  cost $20,000.00 

Total  cost  of  four  full  blocks $103,345.55 

Yet  on  page  34  of  the  Statements,  the  Kegents  say:  "  Should 
it  be  deemed  best  to  dispose  of  this  property  it  will  realize 
$150^000  at  least,  sufficient  to  pay  off  the  mortgage  of  $50,000, 
to  repay  the  Land  Fund  the  $34,315.51  borrowed,  and  leave  a 
surplus  of  $65,684.48,  yielding  in  the  shape  of  profit  a  far 
larger  interest  upon  the  amount  of  the  land  fund  invested  than 
could  possibly  have  been  derived  from  any  ordinary  safe  invest- 
ment." From  their  own  shoAving  these  four  blocks  cost  $163,- 
345.55,  and  they  will  "  realize,"  (page  34  of  Statements,)  $150,- 
000,  making  a  net  loss  of  $13,345.55. 

It  were  well  for  the  Agricultural  interests  of  the  University 
if  this  were  all  the  Eegents  have  attempted  to  conceal  in  count- 
ing the  cost  of  that  dear  purchase.  On  page  46  of  the  State- 
ments, they  count  among  the  possessions  of  the  University,  the 
present  domain,  "  200  acres  of  land,  worth,  at  a  low  valuation, 
$1,000  j9er  acre."  Directly  Adjoniing,  and  situated  on  both  sides 
of  Strawberry  Creek,  the  beautiful  wooded  stream  which  mean- 
ders through  the  University  grounds,  is  the  property  exchanged 
with  the  Brayton  Estate,  "valued  at  about  $30,000,"  described 
in  the  deeds  as  follows:  "Lots  1  to  11  inclusive,  in  Block  B; 
lot  49  in  Block  F,  and  lots  20,  21,  23,  24,  26,  27,  28,  29,  31,  32 
in  Block  D  ;  81,  70-100  acres  of  land  in  Nos.  80  and  82,  Rel- 
lenb^rger's  map,  (situated  between  the  Deaf  and  Dumb  Asylum 
and  University,)  112  ac?'es  of  undivided  or  mountain  land,"  cov- 
ering unestimable  water  rights  and  resources.  Two  hundred 
thousand  dollars  is  as  low  a  valuation  for  this  land  as  for  that 
remaining  in  possession  of  the  University. 

The  Brayton  property,  therefore  cost  the  University  $170,- 
000  more  than  is  shown  in  the  Statements,  it  robbed  the  experi- 
mental farm  of  ground  most  essential  to  its  uses,  well  sheltered 
and  valuable  for  horticultural  purposes,  with  water  rights  which 
no  money  can  ever  replace. 

The  account  then,  stands  as  follows : 

Brayton  property,  (3  blocks)  cost  in  Berkeley  lands $200,000.00 

Mortgage  on  two  blocks 50,000.00 

Cash  paid  from  Land  Fund 34,315.51 

Cash  paid  on  College  Block 49,345.55 

Total  cost $333,345755 

Value  as  estimated  by  Regents $150,000.00 

Loss  to  the  University $183,345.55 


PROFESSOR  CARR's  REPLY.  51 

These  lands  were  donated  and  in  some  of  them  the  terms  of 
the  deeds  are  explicit,  '^for  an  Agricultural  College."  The  lia- 
bilities of  the  College  of  California,  paid  Ly  tht^  Regents,  did 
not  equal  the  amount  realized  on  the  College  Block  at  the  recent 
sale.  The  Berkeley  lands  also  were  advancing  in  value,  and 
since  the  removal  of  the  University,  are  practically  unestimahle, 
even  considered  with  reference  to  future  speculative  uses. 

If  this  is  ths  best  showing  the  Kegents  can  make  of  the  man- 
agement of  property  lying  directly  under  their  eyes,  what,  in  all 
probability,  would  be  the  exhibit  of  losses  in  the  management 
of  150,000  acres  of  valuable  timber  and  other  lands  of  which 
the  pul3lic  knows  little  or  nothing  ?  The  history  of  the  sales  of 
school  and  University  Lands  has  been  one  of  shameless  fraud  and 
peculation  committed,  not  upon  one,  but  many  generations. 

Misstatements  and  misrepresentations  abound  in  these  and 
more  recent  Statements  of  the  Regents  upon  other  points.  They 
authorized  me  to  employ  a  gardener  Sept.  18,  1872,  yet,  in  re- 
ply to  the  inquiries  made  by  the  Grangers  and  Mechanics  Aug. 
8,  1874,  they  state  that  "  within  the  past  year  the  Berkeley 
property  has  been  surveyed  and  mapped,  and  the  right  places 
marked  out  for  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Botanic,  Garden  and 
Forestry."  In  their  printed  statements,  dated  March  3d,  they 
say  that  "  $500  was  placed  at  my  disposal  to  secure  the  aid  of 
competent  lecturers  on  special  subjects,"  but  on  April  17th,  the 
Secretary  writes,  asking  me  to  name  these  lecturers  and  su])rait 
plans,  "that  the  Board  may  understand  just  what  you  would 
like  to  see  done  when  the  outlays  asked  for  are  authorized  I  "  I 
might  multiply  these  instances,  demonstrating  the  financial 
"  unfitness  "  of  the  managing  Regents,  to  administer  a  trust  of 
$750,000  from  the  Nation,  and  a  still  larger  sum  from  the  State  ; 
and  their  moral  "  incompetency  "  to  tell  the  truth,  in  the  excep- 
tional position  of  witnesses  not  under  oath. 

But  I  think  enough  has  been  said  to  guard  the  true  friends  of 
the  University  against  the  so])hisms  of  educational  charlatiins 
and  political  demagogues,  and  from  future  betrayals  by  the  land 
speculators  and  moneyed  corporations  who  have  hitherto  man- 
aged it  in  their  own  rather  than  the  interests  of  the  people. 


THE 


University  and  its  Managers 

BEFOKE  THE  PEOPLE  AND  THE  LAW. 


BY  PEOF.   WM.   SWIN^TON. 


PROF.  SWIFTON'S  TESTIMOITT 

Before  the  Legislature  of  California, 


—GIVEN     TO     THE— 


oint  legtslathjc  flomntiltd^  on  |[niuet[stig  Mairs. 


MARCH    11th,    1874r. 


WM.    SWINTON,  Sworn. 

The  Chairman. — Prof.  Swinton,  we  propose  to  examine  you  first  under  the 
first  resolution  ;  (reads,)  ''What  instruction  has  been  given  in  Agriculture 
and  the  Mechanic  Arts  in  the  University,  whether  it  has  been  defective  or  not ; 
and  if  defective,  what  is  the  cause,  remedy,  etcr"'  In  what  particulars  do  you 
disagree  with  the  "  Statements"  embodied  in  this  report?  (Regents'  of  March 
3,  1874.) 

A. — I  object  to  the  use  of  the  terra  "College  of  Agriculture,"  as  it  does  not 
conform  to  our  last  official  statement  of  the  organization  of  the  University. 
We  have  no  such  thing. 

Mr.  Tinnin. — What  did  I  understand  was  your  objection  to  the  report — your 
objection  to  calling  it  an  Agricultural  College  ? 

A. — It  does  not  conform  to  the  official  statement ;  I  do  not  think  a  special 
course  in  the  College  of  Science  is  an  Agricultural  College. 

Mr.  Friedenrich. — In  what  way  does  it  lack  or  fall  short  ? 

A. — A  number  of  subjects  stated  in  our  catalogue  are  not  taught. 

Q. — Can  you  suggest  any  remedy  ?     Any  improvement? 

A.  — As  a  measure  of  economy,  I  should  say  that  the  abolition  of  the  office  of 
President  would  be  a  desirable  measure.  I  should  be  happy  to  respond  in  writ- 
ing, more  fully. 

Q. — Can  you  name  any  College  that  does  not  have  a  President  ? 

A. — Yes  sir.     The  University  of  Virginia. 

Q,. — What  were  your  relations  with  the  President  ? 

A. — They  have  always  been  those  of  civiliU/.  I  think  he  is  not  as  good  a 
President  as  the  University  of  California  deserves. 

Q. — Can  you  give  us  any  reasons  for  that  ? 

A. — I  will.  I  think  he  has  put  the  Board  of  Regents  in  a  sort  of  tacit  attitude 
of  antagonism  to  the  wishes  of  the  people  of  the  State  in  regard  to  certain  phases 
of  practical  education, 

Q. — In  what  way  ? 


56  PROFESSOR  SM  INTON's  TESTIMONY. 

A. — Rather  by  inference  and  implication  than  by  direct  statement,  viz  .  giv- 
ing the  imjiression  that  the  people  who  are  struggling  passionately,  though  some- 
•what  crudely,  after  a  great  educational  idea  are  mistaken  in  their  wishes,  that 
their  idea  has  been  tested  elsewhere  and  failed  ;  query,  has  it  failed?  That  ia 
one  point.  Another  point  is,  that  I  do  not  think  there  is  that  feeling  of  con- 
fid  cnci-,  on  the  part  of  the  students  towards  him,  that  is  necessary  to  the  success- 
ful working  of    the  University  for  any  considerable  length  of  time. 

Q. — How  long  have  you  entertained  these  feelings  ? 

A. — It  is  difficult  to  state  the  genesis  of  feeling.  I  never  had  a  very  high  re- 
gard for  his  fitness  for  the  position,  founded  on  what  I  heard  in  the  East.  I  did 
not  entertain  a  very  high  regard  for  his  abilities  before  he  came  here.  My  ob- 
servation did  not  increase  my  regard  for  his  fitness.  That  feeling  has  been  grow- 
ing ever  since. 

Q. — In  what  way  do  you  believe  that  the  Board  of  Regents,  either  acting  under 
the  influence  of  President  Gilman  or  not,  failed  to  carry  out  the  wishes  of  the 
people  in  the  management  or  establishment  of  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the 
University. 

Mr.  Friedenrich. — I  would  suggest,  Mr.  Chairman,  that  the  witness  present  his 
statement  written  out. 

To  the  Chairman  of  the  Joint  Committee  on  the  University : 

Sir  :  When,  on  the  eleventh  instant,  I  had  the  honor  of  ap- 
pearing before  your  honorable  committee,  in  obedience  to  a  sub- 
pa3naj  a  member  (Mr.  Amerman)  made  the  following  statement : 

"  I  suppose,  so  far  as  the  committee  is  concerned,  that  they  want  to  obtain  any 
information  that  it  is  possible  to  obtain  in  relation  to  the  condition  and  manage- 
ment of  the  University,  and  with  which  the  Faculty  are  conversant.  Without 
putting  any  sjDecific  questions,  I  suppose  it  would  be  perfectly  in  order  for  you  to 
state  anything  that  would  throw  light  upon  this  subject." 

In  accordance  with  this  courteous  invitation,  I  beg  leave  to 
present  the  subjoined  considerations.  At  the  outset,  however, 
it  is  proper  for  me  to  promise,  that  it  is  not  my  design  to  enter 
into  the  large  and  complicated  question  of  university  organiza- 
tion (for  the  framework  of  that  is  already  provided  for  in  the 
Organic  Act,)  but  merely  to  offer  certain  general  views  regarding 
the  University's  "condition  and  management." 

And  first,  as  to  tke  present  state  of  the  University  with  rela- 
tion both  to  the  purpose  contemplated  by  the  national  land 
grant,  which  constitutes  its  main  permanent  endowment,  and  to 
the  expressed  desire  of  the  people,  whose  benefactions,  through 
legislative  action,  have  been  and  still  are  necessary  to  the  exis- 
tence of  the  institution. 

THE     NATIONAL    BENEFACTION. 

The  purpose  contemplated  by  the  national  land  grant  is  ex- 
plicitly set  forth  in  the  language  of  the  law  of  Congress,  which 
declares  that  "  the  fund  shall  be  applied  to  the  endowment  sup- 
port and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  college,  where  the  leading 
object  shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical 
studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of 
learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts." 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  57 

True,  the  law,  by  not  excluding  "  other  scientific  and  literary 
studies,"  presents  an  opportunity  for  the  introduction  of  a  gen- 
eral scientific  course,  but  it  at  the  same  time  concentrates  the 
main  force  of  its  pur])ose  on  the  industrial  arts  as  the  "  leading 
object "  of  the  National  Colleges. 

This  law  dates  back  to  1862  ;  and  considering  the  period  at 
which  it  was  framed,  it  is  a  notable  instance  of  advanced  educa- 
tional views — for  the  noble  and  democratic  theory  of  the  people's 
university,  which  shall  aim  at  the  *'  betterment  of  man's  estate," 
is  a  modern  thought,  originating  not  in  the  cloister  but  in  the 
popular  heart,  and  even  yet  unappreciated  by  the  scholastic 
class,  who,  by  the  very  fact  of  their  position,  are  expounders  of 
the  old  rather  than  creators  of  the  new. 

Unmistakable,  however,  as  is  the  scope  of  the  law,  it,  unfor- 
tunately, by  the  generality  of  its  terms,  leaves  an  opening,  small 
indeed,  yet  sufficiently  wide  to  have  prompted  in  several  instances 
the  attempt  to  pervert  the  essential  aim  of  the  Act  by  convert- 
ing the  National  Colleges  into  literary  and  "  pure  science " 
schools — that  is  to  say  :  the  non-exclusion  of  the  general  culture 
studies  as  a  secondary  object  has,  by  the  obstructive  ingenuity 
of  pedantry,  been  made  the  excuse  for  the  exclusion  of  that 
which,  with  noticeable  emphasis,  is  declared  to  be  iYia  primary 
object,  to  wit :  the  practical  application  of  science  to  the  wants 
of  man.  I  say  that  this  looseness  in  the  law  has,  in  several  in- 
stances, been  made  the  occasion  for  the  kind  of  j)erversion 
spoken  of  (I  waive,  for  the  moment,  the  query  whether  such 
perversion  has  been  attempted  in  the  case  of  the  University  of 
California  ;)  and  this  abuse  of  a  grand  intent  has  alarmed  the 
friends  of  popular  practical  education.  Thus  the  able  and  ex- 
haustive Report  on  University  Education,  j)ublished  by  Congress 
in  1870,  speaks  of  the  "danger  to  the  interests  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts,  when  confided  to  men  unacquainted  with 
and  wholly  unappreciative  of  them."  "  The  friends  of  agricul- 
ture," it  continues,  "  should  make  sure  in  eiFecting  a  consolida- 
tion with  an  institution  of  different  character  and  aims  (I  waive, 
for  the  moment,  the  query  whether  the  late  College  of  Califor- 
nia is  a  case  in  point,)  that  the  administration  of  the  dual  insti- 
tution be  confided  to  men  of  large,  comprehensive  and  impartial 
Tiews."  (Report  on  Education,  by  Dr.  I.  W.  Hoyt,  U.  8.  Com- 
missioner, p.  152.) 

But  there  is  a  yet  more  decisive  and  authoritive  exjiression  of 
opinion  respecting  the  vital  object  of  the  national  grant  for  in- 
dustrial schools,  in  Morrill's  new  Agricultural  Bill,  now  pending 
before     Congress.       For    it  is  declared     that     this    has    been 


58  PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY. 

rendered  necessary  in  order  to  correct  just  the  kind  of  abuse  here 
spoken  of,  and  to  insure  good  faith.  "  If,"  says  the  Act,  "  it 
shall  at  any  time  be  made  to  appear  to  the  Secretary  of  the  In- 
terior, by  unequivocal  evidence,  that  any  State  or  Territory  has 
not  in  good  faith  substantially  complied  with  the  provisions  of 
the  Act  named  in  the  first  section  of  this  Act,  as  to  the  use,  ob- 
ject and  purpose  therein  contemplated,  he  shall  at  once  duly  no- 
tify the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  who  shall  thereafter 
withhold  the  payment  of  any  interest  which  may  have  accrued, 
or  accrue,  to  any  colleges  in  such  State  or  Territory,  until  such 
time  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  be  satisfied  as  to  the 
compliance  with  the  provisions  of  said  Act,  and  shall  so  notify 
the  Treasurer  aforesaid."  The  University  of  California  is  deep- 
ly interested  in  the  success  of  this  bill,  for  it  would,  in  case  it 
could  be  shown  that  the  institution  has  faithfully  complied  with 
the  provisions  of  this  Act,  in  making  agriculture  and  the  me- 
chanic arts  the  leading  object,  add  over  $30,000  per  annum  to 
its  permanent  endowment.  (But  I  waive,  for  the  moment,  the 
query  whether  such  compliance  could  be  shown  by  the  Board  of 
Regents  of  the  University  of  California.) 

In  regard  to  the  new  bill,  and  the  attitude  which  the  scientific 
doctrinaries  hold  thereto,  the  eleventh  annual  report  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  (1874)  says  :  "  Many  of  the 
leading  educators  [i.  e.,  individuals  in  leading  educational  posi- 
tions,] who  seem  to  have  hitherto  regarded  these  new  institutions 
with  silent  contempt,  have  become  alarmed  at  their  rising  impor- 
tance ;  and  Presidents  of  Universities,  both  old  and  new,  ap- 
peared at  the  Capitol  in  person,  or  by  letter,  to  remonstrate 
against  the  proposed  action  of  Congress."  (Here,  too,  I  waive, 
for  the  moment,  the  consideration  whether  the  President  of  the 
University  of  California  was  one  of  these  "  remonstrants.") 

THE    people's    wish. 

With  this  much  of  consideration  of  the  purpose  contemplated 
by  the  national  land  grant  for  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts 
Colleges,  I  have  now  to  make  up  the  correlative  question  :  what 
is  the  wish  of  the  people  of  California  touching  the  University, 
which  they  are  taxing  themselves  to  sustain  ? 

On  this  head  there  is  happily  no  room  for  doubt.  The  mem- 
orial now  before  this  Legislature — a  memorial  behind  which 
stands  the  imposing  and  voluminous  figure  of  the  two  great 
producing  classes,  to  wit :  the  agriculturists  and  artisans  of  this 
State — voices  with  no  ambiguous  utterance,  the  passionate  and 
irrepressible  desire  for  a  University  of  the  people,  by  the  people. 
for  the  people.    Says  the  memorial : 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY.  59 

"  Believing  that  the  first  and  highest  employment  of  men  is  to  feed,  shelter 
and  clothe  the  world,  we  ask  that  the  graduates  of  our  industrial  colleges  may 
be  peers  of  scholars  in  mental  culture,  and  peers  of  laborers  in  manual  skill  and 
physical  development.  Agriculture,  in  its  various  departments,  hhould  be  so 
taught  and  practiced  in  our  University  as  to  send  forth  scientific  farmers,  whose 
labor  and  skill  can  utilize  the  soil  and  develope  its  greatest  resources,  while  the 
mechanical  department  should  graduate  learned  and  skilled  mechanics  ;  and  it 
is  the  e(irnest  desire  of  the  agricidturists  and  mecJianics  of  thin  State  U>  make  itu»e 
great  departments  of  industry  the  leading  feature  of  our  State  Univei-sit'j." 
(Memorial  of  California  State  Grange  and  Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly  on 
the  State  University,  p.  S.) 

These  ringing  declarations,  which,  to  my  mind,  add  a  new 
dignity  to  the  industrial  vocation,  methinks  they  are  the  voice, 
as  of  many  waters,  of  the  People  who  come  up  to  to  the  Capitol  to 
demand  that  their  great  intent  be  not  obstructed,  but  carried  out 
— and  I  most  respectfully  leave  with  your  committee  to  determine 
whether  this  majestical  array  is  to  be  waived  away  by  the 
shrunken  figure  of  a  college  President  discoursing  scholastic 
platitudes  about  the  supposititious  "failure  "  of  the  people's 
glorious  aspiration  ! 

APOLOGETIC. 

If,  in  this  presentation  of  the  claims  which  the  National  Grov- 
ernment,  as  well  as  the  people  of  California,  have  on  the  Uni- 
versity, I  have,  as  is  probable,  obtruded  on  your  committee  facts 
and  views  already  familiar  to  you,  it  is  because  it  has  seemed  to 
me  that  they  are  sometimes  left  out  of  sight,  and  because  they 
are  the  necessary  preliminary  to  the  statement  of  the  actual 
condition  of  the  University  in  relation  to  its  fundamental  aim 
and  purpose.  This  is  the  cardinal  point  in  your  inquiry,  and  I 
now  proceed  to  answer  it,  premising,  however,  that  matters  as 
well  of  theory  as  oi  fad,  will  have  to  be  taken  into  account. 

As  regards  the  past,  I  have  stated  in  my  testimony  that  pro- 
bably the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  has,  in  the  mat- 
ter of  industrial  education,  acted  as  well  as  could  be  expected  of 
a  body  constituted  as  it  is.  According  to  their  "  lights  "  the 
members  have  doubtless  aimed  at  the  best  interests  of  the  Uni- 
versity. There  have  been,  again,  many  obstacles  to  the  carrying 
out  of  the  original  intent  of  the  University,  such  as  the  recent- 
ness  of  its  organization,  its  late  change  of  location,  etc.  These 
should  have  a  due  weight ;  and  yet,  I  venture  to  declare,  not  au 
undue  weight,  for  many  of  the  State  institutions,  the  recipients 
of  the  National  Grant  for  Agricultural  and  Industrial  Colleges, 
that  are  no  older  than  the  University  of  California,  have  already 
planted  things  like  to  last,  in  the  establishment  of  practical 
schools,  which,  by  their  signal  success,  have  demonstrated  that 
the  national  grant  was  founded  in  the  largest  wisdom. 

This  question,  however,  of  what  the  Regents  have  done  or 


60  PROFESSOR  SWINTON"s  TESTIMONY. 

have  left  undone  is  a  question  apart,  the  answer  to  which  may 
be  left  to  their  own  consciences.  Meanwhile,  the  main,  vital, 
overshadowing  question  is,  what  is  noio  the 

THEORY    OF    THE    MANAGERS   OF    THE   UNIVERSITY 

Regiirding  practical  education,  so  far  as  that  theory,  design,  pur- 
pose and  intent,  may  be  gathered  from  the  published  utterances 
thereanent  ? 

On  this  subject  the  most  salient  and  memorable  exposition 
was  made  by  President  Gil  man  in  his  address  before  the  Legis- 
lature. He  said,  after  stating  the  scope  of  the  University,  that, 
"  if  inquiry  should  show  that  the  friends  of  agricultural  educa- 
tion, under  the  most  favorable  circumstances,  were  disappointed, 
or  that  their  hopes  had  been  abandoned,  California  should  avail 
herself  of  this  experience,  and  before  incurring  radical  change 
or  expense,  ascertain  the  lessons  of  experience  elsewhere." 

It  will  be  noticed  here  that  the  failure  of  industrial  institu- 
tions is  made,  not  declaratively,  but  by  hypothesis.  Yet,  that 
President  Gilman  wished  to  leave  the  impression  that  Agricul- 
tural and  Mechanic  Arts  Colleges  are  failures,  is  sufficiently  evi- 
denced by  the  fact  that  he  proceeds  to  array  all  the  supposed 
"disappointments"  and  "abandonments  of  hope"  by  "the 
friends  (?)  of  agricultural  education,"  citing  the  Agricultural 
Colleges  of  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Iowa,  etc.,  as  instances. 
And,  to  reinforce  this  impression,  a  compilation  of  all  the  dis- 
mal jeremiades  over  the  supposed  "failure  "  of  these  schools  has 
recently  been  made  by  the  same  hand,  printed  and  laid  on  the 
members'  desks.  (Facts  in  relation  to  Agricultural  Colleges.) 
I  cannot  refrain  from  saying  that  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  any 
adequate  motive  for  this  wholesale  perversion  of  the  truth.  The 
progress,  success,  and  benefits  of  the  Industrial  Universities  and 
Colleges  founded  by  Congress  to  promote  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts,  considering  the  means  employed,  the  recentness 
of  their  establishment,  and  the  obstructions  put  in  their  way  by 
the  caste  prejudice  of  the  classicists  and  scientific  schoolmen, 
have  been  far  beyond  that  of  any  other  higher  institutions  of 
learning  in  the  country,  and  form,  indeed  the  most  inspiring  edu- 
cational fact  of  the  nineteenth  century.  I  need  only  refer  you 
to  the  last  Report  of  the  National  Department  of  Agriculture 
for  information  touching  the  progress  of  the  colleges  enjoying 
the  Congressional  grant  have.  This  document  presents  a  most 
gratifying  exhibit  of  the  thirty-two  State  Agricultural  and  In- 
dustrial Colleges,  which  are  attended  by  more  than  three  thous- 
and students,  a  large  portion  of  whom  are  pursuing  agricultural 
and  mechanical  studies,  and  are  under  the  care  and  instruction 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  61 

of  more  than  three  hundred  and  fifty  Professors.  On  this  head 
I  respectfully  refer  to  an  admirable  resume  of  the  success  of 
these  institutions,  contained  in  the  recently  published  report  of 
the  Committee  on  Education  in  the  Calit'ornia  Legislature. 
(See  pp.  4  and  5.) 

WHY    SHOULD    PRACTICAL    EDUCATION    I5E    A    FAILURE? 

But,  aside  from  the  demonstrated  fact  of  the  success  of  these 
establishments,  1  cannot  refrain  from  asking  that  a  priori  rea- 
son exists  for  supposing  that  they  should  be  a  failure,  if  under 
the  conduct  of  men  hospitable  to  the  great  cause  ?  In  various 
departments  of  human  activity  it  is  recognized  that  pure  science 
must  be  brought  down  into  contact  with  piofessional  pursuits, 
and  it  is  conceded  that  only  special  schools  can  perform  this 
work.  That  there  is  a  point  of  contact  between  pure  mathe- 
matics and  the  art  of  navigation,  is  made  manifest  by  the  fact 
that  the  Federal  Government  sustains  a  Naval  Academy  for  the 
training  of  skilled  officers  in  a  special  branch  of  the  public  ser- 
vice, and  a  Military  Academy  to  fit  men  for  another  service,  to 
wit,  the  profession  of  arms.  Medicine,  I  believe,  is  not  taught 
in  the  abstract,  but  in  theaters  of  anatomy  and  in  the  clinics  of 
the  hospital  ;  and  law  schools  seem  to  be  successful  just  in  pro- 
portion as  they  bring  the  exposition  of  pure  principles  in  rela- 
tion with  the  methods  of  actual  procedure. 

Now  is  it  to  be  supposed  that  in  the  exploitation  of  the  pro- 
ductive forces  of  nature  there  is  no  room  for  the  practical  a])pli- 
cations  of  science,  taught  in  schools  in  which  theory  is  brought 
in  contact  with  practice  and  experiment  ?  Is  the  boasted  Ba- 
conian method,  which  makes  "fruits  "  (that  is,  practical  results,) 
the  test  of  sound  philosophy,  a  mere  delusion  ?  It  is  a  fact 
which  legislators  would  do  well  to  take  into  account,  that  as  iu 
the  case  of  about  one  half  the  whole  number  of  the  globe's  in- 
habitants the  chief  occupation  is  the  tilling  of  the  soil,  and  fur- 
ther, that  as  in  all  civilized  countries  another  large  part  of  the 
population  is,  in  the  diversified  forms  of  mechanical  industry, 
engaged  in  the  fabrication  of  articles  useful  to  man,  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts  necessarily  form  the  real  basis  of  a  na- 
tion's wealth,  prosperity  and  happiness.  If,  between  science  and 
these  divine  creative  functions  of  humanity  there  is  no  connect- 
ing link,  and  lawyers,  doctors  and  priests  alone  are  })rivi]oged  to 
draw  from  the  upper  reservoirs,  then,  indeed,  may  thoughtful 
men  well  begin  to  inquire  if  science  is  not  out  of  joint. 

WHAT   IS    THE   FACT  ? 

But  on  this  score  speculation  is  superseded  by  fact.     The  Na- 


62  .  PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY. 

tional  Government,  acting;  on  the  faith  of  a  great  and  beneficent 
idea,  sought  in  the  Agricultural  College  bill  to  elevate  the  in- 
dustrial pursuits  to  the  rank  and  dignity  of  the  so-called  learned 
professions.  The  conviction  had  long  prevailed  that  our  higher 
institutions  of  learning  did  not  confer  upon  these  pursuits  equal 
advantages  with  the  old  "  professions,"  and  the  idea  of  training 
young  men  in  the  direction  of  these  pursuits,  of  putting  brains 
into  these  industries,  gained  ground  and  was  embodied  in  the 
Act  of  1862.  And  every  body,  but  President  Gilman,  believes 
that  the  experiment,  wherever  fairly  and  honestly  tried,  has  been 
a  most  gratifying  success. 

MISPLACED    IRONY. 

In  this  view,  I  cannot  but  think  it  lamentable  that  cultured 
gentlemen  of  the  Board  of  Regents  should  have  come  before 
your  honorable  committee  (as  the  testimony  shows  they  have 
done)  to  cast  ridicule  on  the  popular  desire  that  the  applications 
of  science  to  the  great  practical  interests  of  life  shall  receive  in 
the  University  that  consideration  which  the  law  demands.  The 
reasonable  wish  of  the  people,  that  some  definite  efforts  shall  be 
made  in  the  direction  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  is 
met  by  the  flippant  query  :  "  Do  you  wish  us  to  teach  your  sons 
to  plow  and  harrow,  to  peg  shoes,  or  set  up  steam  engines  ?  " 
Surely,  in  view  of  the  weigty  interest  at  stake,  there  was  never 
made  a  more  melancholy  use  of  the  redutio  ad  ahsurdum. 
And  it  is  the  more  melancholy,  from  ths  fact  that  the  trium- 
phant iteration  of  this  argument  shows,  that  in  place  of  being  a 
mere  piece  of  bandinage,  it  is  a  significant  revelation  of  the  ac- 
tual attitude  of  these  gentlemen  towards  the  weighty  modern 
problem  of  the  renovation  of  education  into  conformity  with 
the  broad  facts  of  American  politics  and  sociology.  What  a 
proof  of  the  survival  of  that  scholastic  feudalism  which  regarded 
the  learned  professions  as  something  in  which  inhere  dignities 
and  prescriptive  rights,  that  the  tiller  of  the  soil  and  the  "  base 
mechanical "  should  be  frowned  on  for  claiming ! 

REVELATIONS. 

These  revelations  of  the  attitude  of  President  Gilman  towards 
the  claims  of  industrial  education,  cast  a  vivid  retrospective 
light  on  a  series  of  changes  which,  soon  after  this  accession, 
were  made  in  the  organization  of  the  University — changes  made, 
too,  without  the  advice  or  consent  of  the  Faculty,  and  which,  I 
feel  free  to  say,  a  majority  of  the  members  regard  as  most  im- 
politic, if  not  illegal.  The  nature  of  these  changes  I  now  pro- 
ceed to  indicate. 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  63 

It  is  well  known  that  the  Organic  Act  provided,  in  the  organ- 
ization of  the  University,  for  the  establishment  of  certain  col- 
leges, to  wit :  a  State  College  of  Agriculture,  a  State  College  of 
Mechanic  Arts,  a  State  College  of  Mines,  a  State  College  of 
Civil  Engineering,  a  State  College  of  Letters,  etc.  The  same 
Act  required  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  should  be  first  es- 
tablished, the  College  of  Letters  being  already  in  existence,  as 
an  heirloom  of  the  old  College  of  California. 

Upon  this  basis  the  University  was  organized,  and  went  into 
operation  September,  1869.  The  first  Register  (1870)  explicitly 
enumerates  these  Colleges  as  the  constituent  members  of  the 
University,  and  states  that  "  each  College  confers  a  proper  de- 
gree at  the  end  of  the  course."  It  is  true  that  this  organiza- 
tion was  in  part  an  ideal  one,  seeing  that  de  facto  neither  the 
College  of  Slechanic  Arts,  nor  that  of  Mines,  nor  that  of  Civil 
Engineering,  was  in  existence  ;  but  the  plan  was  at  least  in  ac- 
cordance with  law — a  curriculum  was  drawn  out  for  each  Col- 
lege, and  only  the  filling  of  certain  chairs  was  requisite  in  order 
that  they  might  pass  from  the  realm  of  the  ideal  into  that  of 
the  real. 

The  Register  of  1872-3 — the  first  after  the  accession  of  Presi- 
dent Gilman — was  to  the  Faculty  the  first  revelation  of  a  com- 
plete transformation  in  the  organization  of  the  University. 
While  the  College  of  Letters  remained,  the  four  other  Colleges 
had,  to  all  appearance,  become  disincorporate,  one  common  cur- 
riculum of  science  being  substituted  therefor,  and  only  certain 
special  "  scientific  studies  "  remaining  as  ghostly  reminences  of 
the  College  of  Agriculture,  College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  College, 
of  Mining,  etc.  The  last  ofticial  exhibit  of  the  organ- 
ization of  the  University  in  the  proof-sheets  of  the  forthcoming 
Register  for  1874,  shows  the  University  to  consist  of  (1)  a 
"  Faculty  of  Science,"  (2)  a  "  Faculty  of  Letters  " — Agricul- 
ture, the  Mechanics  Arts,  Mining,  etc.,  still  flitting  vaguely  as 
"  special  courses  "  in  the  "  Department  of  Science." 

It  is  true  that  the  change  thus  aftected  is  one  rather  of  nom- 
clature  than  of  fact,  and  it  would  be  of  uo  special  import  were 
there  collateral  assurance  that  the  intent  of  the  managers  of  the 
University  looked  to  a  faithful  carrying  out  of  the  law ;  but, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  recent  persistent  championing  of 
the  theory  that  the  University  should  be  a  literary  and  "  i)ure 
science  "  school  of  the  Connecticut  type,  and  with  the  statements 
that  the  experiment  of  practical  education  is  a  dismal  failure, 
the  chaiige  of  name  gathers  a  most  pregnant  significance. 

One  of  the  most  unfortunate  results  entailed  by  this  merging 


64  PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY. 

of  the  individuality  of  the  "  Colleges  "  composing  the  Univer- 
sity, is  that  it  takes  away  the  reasonable  ground  of  demand  for 
professors  and  lecturers  to  carry  on  the  full  carricula  of  said 
colleges.  So  long  as  the  cadre,  or  framework  of  these  several 
Colleges  remained,  the  Regents  could  point  to  vacant  chairs,  and 
with  justice  ask  the  people  for  means  to  fill  these  chairs ;  but  as 
it  now  is,  one  professor  would  seem  to  be  fully  adequate  to  the 
instructional  demands  of  any  mere  "  special  course  "  in  the  De- 
partment of  Science. 

It  may  now  be  in  place  to  state  briefly 

WHAT    IS   ACTUALLY    DOING    IN    AGRICULTUKK 

In  the  University.  And  on  this  head,  it  is  proper  to  mention 
that  the  latest  Register  is  scarcely  a  trustworthy  guide,  for  the 
imposing  display  therein  made  is  rather  an  ideal  to  be  worked 
up  to,  than  an  accomplished  or  even  a  possible  fact.  The  work 
actually  done  in  the  "  specialty  "  of  agriculture  consists  exclus- 
ively of  didactic  exposition  in  the  class-room,  to  wit  :  five  lec- 
tures per  week  on  the  subjects  of  agricultural  chemistry,  agri- 
cultural botany,  etc.;  and  as  these  subjects  are  in  the  hands  of 
an  able  and  experienced  professor,  the  instruction  cannot  be 
other  than  valuable;  but  as  an  "Agricultural  College,"  this 
can  hardly  be  deemed  a  shining  success. 

In  contrast  with  this  meager  performance,  and  as  an  exem- 
plar of  what  should  be  done  in  California,  the  mode  in  which 
other  institutions,  founded  on  the  national  grant  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  agricultural  and  industrial  colleges,  have  carried 
out  the  "  leading  object "  of  the  Act,  is  most  instructive.  In 
the  recent  ofiicial  printed  "  Statements  "  of  the  Regents  to  your 
committee,  they  say  that  they  "  beg  those  who  are  interested  in 
the  problem  (of  agricultural  and  industrial  education)  to  exam- 
ine the  catalogues,  registers  and  reports  of  other  State  Colleges, 
and  not  rest  their  opinions  upon  vague  end  inacciirate  rumors, 
or  hostile  criticisms."  This  suggestion  is  most  appropriate  ;  for 
such  examination,  while  bringing  some  mortification  by  the  con- 
trast of  the  little  we  have  done  with  the  marvelous  practical 
success  of  these  institutions,  will  afi'ord  both  a  spur  to  our  efibrts 
and  a  standard  for  our  aims. 

ELSEWHERE. 

For  this  purpose  an  examination  of  the  registers  of  the  Ag- 
ricultural College  of  Massachusetts  (at  Amherst,)  and  of  New 
York  (Cornell,)  will  suffice. 

In  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  the  following 
Faculty  appears  in  the  specialties  of  agriculture : 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY.  65 

Professor  Clark,  Professor  of  Agricultural  Botany  and  Hor- 
ticulture. 

Professor  Stockbridge,  Professor  of  Agriculture. 

Professor  Goessmann,  Professor  of  Agricultural   Cheuiistry. 

Professor  Cressy,  Professor  of  Veterinary  Science. 

Professor  Packard,  Lecturer  on  Useful  and  Injurious  Insects. 

Professor  Dickenson,  Lecturer  on  Kural  Law. 

S.  T.  MAYNAUDjGardener  and  Assistant  Professor  of  Horticul- 
ture. 

J.  C.  Dillon,  Farm  Superintendent. 

Says  the  last  register  of  this  institution  :  "  Every  science  is 
taught  with  reference  to  its  application  to  agriculture  and  the 
wants  of  the  farmer.  The  instruction  in  agriculture  and  h(»rti- 
culture  includes  every  branch  of  fiirmina;  and  orardeninr;  which 
is  practiced  in  Massachusetts,  and  is  both  theoretical  and  prac- 
tical. Each  topic  is  discussed  thoroughly  in  the  lecture  room, 
and  again  in  the  plant  house  or  field,  where  every  student  is 
obliged  to  labor  six  hours  per  week."  The  number  of  students 
last  year  was  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine.  In  regard  to  the 
success  of  the  institution  the  report  continues  :  "  The  institu- 
tion has  been  blessed  with  its  usual  prosperity,  and  has  accom- 
plished much  good.  The  farm  and  stock  have  steadily  improved, 
and  some  agricultural  experiments  have  been  carried  on  with  in- 
teresting and  imjiortant  results.  There  are  hundreds  of  influen- 
tial men  who,  like  the  lamented  Agassiz,  were  for  years  after  its 
incorporation  entirely  skeptical  in  regard  to  the  jwssible  utility 
of  such  an  institution,  but  who  are  now  ready  to  unite  in  his 
magnanbnous  confession,  that  he  had  been  mistaken  and  was 
glad  to  be  convinced  of  the  fact,  and  that  the  college  was  a  com- 
plete success,  and  worthy  a  place  among  the  scientific  institutions 
of  the  world." 

Cornell  University,  which  was  established  with  the  same  gen- 
eral aims  as  the  University  of  California,  afibrds  a  still  more 
interesting  instance  of  the  position  which  agricultun^  holds  in 
one  institution  which  shared  the  national  land  grant  for  agricul- 
tural colleges.  Cornell  University  consists  of  a  congeries  of 
colleges,  just  as  did  our  own  University  until  the  recent  remod- 
eling" One  of  these  colleges  is  a  College  of  Agriculture.  It 
has  a  Faculty  consisting  of  eight  professors  and  ten  lecturers^ 
and  these  professors  and  lecturers  are  engaged  purely  in  sjwcial 
instruction  in  agriculture.  The  President  of  Cornell  might 
have  put  down  the  thirty  or  forty  other  professors  who  are  en- 
gaged in  the  various  dapartments  of  university  work,  as  swelling 
this  list ;  but  to  him  evidently  had  not  occurred  that  ingenious 


66  PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY. 

theory,  the  invention  of  the  President  of  the  California  Univer- 
sity, which  makes  the  teachers  of  all  branches  of  learning 
Professors  of  Agriculture — a  theory,  by  virtue  of  which  the 
Regents,  in  their  recent  "  Statements,"  are  able  to  claim  that 
seventeen  out  of  eighteen  professors  and  instructors  "  now  teach- 
ing at  the  University,''  are  teachers  of  agriculture  ! 

As  your  committee  have  asked  for  special  information  on  this 
subject,  1  beg  leave  to  state,  that  the  lectures  and  exercises  in 
the  agricultural  college  of  Cornell  University,  comprise  the  fol- 
lowing subjects ; 

1.  The  Chemistry  of  Agriculture,  including  the  constituents  and  analytical 
composition  of  soils  and  of  cultivated  plants,  the  constituents  and  chemical 
agencies  of  the  atmosphere  and  of  water,  and  the  composition  of  manures. 

2.  The  Geology  of  Agriculture,  including  the  formation  or  soils,  their  chem- 
ical, physical,  and  economic  character,  their  suitability  for  different  kinds  of 
crops,  and  the  principal  geological  features  of  various  portions  of  the  United 
States  as  affecting  the  soil  and  productions. 

3.  The  Physics  of  Agriculture,  including  meteorology,  or  the  laws  of  climate, 
and  light  and  heat  as  influencing  plant  life. 

4.  The  Mechanics  of  Agriculture,  and  their  application  to  the  various  descrip- 
tions of  implements  and  labor  required  on  the  farm. 

5.  The  Botany  of  Agriculture,  including  structural  botany,  vegetable  physi- 
ology, vegetable  pathology,  and  a  knowledge  of  crops  cultivated  for  food  and  for 
technical  purposes. 

6.  The  Zoology  of  Agriculture,  including  the  habits,  diseases,  and  treatment 
of  live  stock,  the  anatomy  of  the  horse,  the  cow,  the  sheep,  and  other  farm  ani- 
mals, and  all  branches  of  veterinary  surgery  and  medicine,  as  well  as  a  special 
consideration  of  insects  injurious  to  vegetation. 

7.  The  Economics  of  Agriculture,  including  the  sequence  of  agricultural 
operations,  the  economical  divisions  of  labor,  the  rotation  of  ci'ops,  the  imrpove- 
ment  of  the  soil  by  manuring,  draining,  and  liming,  farm  engineering  and  con- 
struction, general  agricultural  policy,  and  the  management  of  landed  property. 

A    CONTRAST. 

I  venture  to  believe  that  your  committee  is  now  in  position 
to  realize  not  only  how  far  the  University  of  California  is  be- 
hind the  other  "National  Colleges "  in  respect  of  this  great 
phase  of  practical  education,  but  also  to  how  considerable  a  de- 
gree the  institution  has,  during  the  incumbency  of  President 
Gilman,  lapsed  from  the  promise  of  two  years  ago. 

Two  years  ago  the  University  had  an  Agricultural  College, 
so  named  and  announced  in  the  official  programmes  of  the  in- 
stitutions ;  now  there  is  no  Agricultural  College,  not  even  the 
theory  of  one :  but  in  its  room  "a  special  course,"  not  essential 
to  any  degree  conferred  by  the  University. 

Then  the  agricultural  graduate  received  for  his  four  years 
study  a  diploma,  equivalent  in  value  to  that  of  the  College  of 
Letters,  and  bearing  the  signatures  of  all  the  Professors,  whose 
instruction  he  had  enjoyed;  wott^  the  agricultural  graduate  re- 
ceives an  inferior  sty^e  of  diploma,  signed  by  to  or  three  Pro- 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  67 

fessors  while,  with  puzzling  inconsistency,  it  is  claimed  that 
nineteen  twentieths  of  the  University  instruction  is  enjoyed  by 
the  students  of  agriculture  ! 

Then  students  were  directed  towards  the  Agricultural  College 
as  intended  to  give  special  training  in  agriculture,  as  the  law 
provides  ;  now  the  whole  scheme  of  industrial  education,  as  fos- 
tered by  the  National  Government  in  past  and  prospective  action, 
and  as  understood  and  successfully  carried  out  in  the  several 
States  almost  without  exception,  is  held  up  to  the  peoi)le  of 
California,  and  to  the  youth  who  should  be  directed  and  encour- 
aged into  industrial  callings,  as  an  ignominious  failure  or  a 
Utopian  dream. 

Then  one  of  the  buildings  was  designed,  named  ,and  dedicated 
the  Agricultural  College ;  now  the  same  building  is  in  the  Uni- 
versity register  designated  the  "  South  College,"  or  the  •'  College 
of  Science." 

Then  a  noble  suite  of  rooms  on  the  main  floor  of  the  Agri- 
cultural College  building  was,  by  mutual  agreement  among  the 
members  of  the  Faculty,  and  without  objection  from  the  Re- 
gents, assigned  to  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  for  the  special 
uses  of  his  department ;  now,  by  an  act  of  the  President,  or  the 
Advisory  Committee,  or  both,  this  deparment  is  grounded  in  the 
north  end  of  the  basement  of  said  building,  where  want  of  sun- 
shine prevents  the  exhibition  of  important  operations,  and 
where  collections  are  exposed  to  mold  and  dampness.  (President 
Gilman  has  stated  that  this  was  done  by  action  of  the  Faculty. 
I  have  never  seen  a  single  member  of  that  body  who  ever  heard 
of  the  proposition.) 

Then  the  University  was  in  a  position  to  avail  itself  of  the 
further  endowment  of  Congress,  as  provided  in  Morrill's  supple- 
mentary bill,  which  would  add  at  least  thirty  thousand  dollars 
per  annum  to  its  income ;  now  it  is  not  legitimately  within  the  pro- 
visions of  the  new  endowment  (since  the  institution  has  no  longer 
an  Agricultural  College,  but  only  a  "  special  course  ") ;  and  if 
the  present  head  of  the  University  should  bear  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  his  ample  accumulation  of  the  "  failures  "  of  the 
National  Schools,  and  also  his  metamorphosis  of  the  State  Ag- 
ricultural College  into  a  "  special  course  "  in  a  "  subdivision  "  of 
the  "  Department  of  Science,"  as  evidence  of  honest  compliance 
with  the  law  of  1862,  it  might  be  a  matter  of  pleasant  S|iecula- 
tion  whether  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  would  be  able  to  say, 
'•  Well  done,  good  and  faithful  servant." 

Then  the  number  of  agricultural  students  was  increasing ; 
now  it  is  diminishing.     And,  indeed,  this  is  to  be  expected,  for 


68  PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY. 

why  should  students  seek  instruction  where  there  is  neither  land 
in  cultivation,  nor  stock,  nor  any  other  material  for  illustrating 
practical  agriculture  :  where  they  graduate  from  a  "  course  " 
instead  of  a  college,  and  receive  a  diploma  which  excites  their 
anger  and  contempt,  and  which  lacks  the  signatures  of  revered 
and  beloved  teachers,  while  the  jjrestige  of  honors  and  dignities 
is  reserved  for  the  aspirants  for  "  intellectual "  callings. 

The  length  into  which  I  have  been  necessarily  drawn  by  the 
exposition  of  the  shortcomings  in  the  Agricultural  College,  pre- 
cludes any  cosiderable  discussion  as  to  the  College  of  Mines,  the 
College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  etc.  And,  indeed,  I  am  saved  the 
need  of  any  discussion  of  the  subject  by  the  fact  that  these  col- 
leges do  not  even  exist. 

THE    REGENTS. 

I  shall  now  (at  your  invitation),  present  a  few  considerations 
regarding  the  Board  of  Regent,  and  its  relations  to  the  ^people 
and  the  Faculty.  These  relations,  in  my  view,  are  neither 
sound  nor  healthful.  A  Board  of  Regents  of  twenty-two  mem- 
bers, which  is  in  a  large  degree  self-perpetuating,  and  which  is 
required  to  render  an  account  of  its  stewardsliij)  but  once  in  two 
years,  local  in  its  character,  interests,  and  associations,  and  made 
up  almost  exclusively  of  lawyers  and  other  professional  men,  is, 
almost  of  necessity,  disqualified  from  an  unprejudiced  handling 
of  the  question  of  popular  education  in  its  broadest  aspects. 
Such  a  guild  becomes,  in  spite  of  itself,  a  solidarity  of  resist- 
ance to  the  popular  demand,  which,  however  crude,  always  tends 
towards  reason  and  justice.  I  believe  this  Board  has  done  as 
well  as  would  any  other  Board  so  chosen  and  constituted.  Many 
of  its  members  I  personally  res])ect  and  honor,  while  I  honestly 
differ  from  the  educational  views  to  which,  as  a  body,  they  are 
no  doubt  honestly  committed.  And,  indeed,  does  not  the  history 
of  nearly  every  college  in  the  country  show  that  these  govern- 
ing Boards,  growing  more  and  more  arbitrary  and  conservative, 
have  to  be  swe])t  away,  and  replaced  by  others  more  in  harmony 
with  modern  progress  ? 

What  is  the  remedy  ?  One  remedy  that  is  proposed  is  the 
reorganization  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  so  as,  while  leaving  the 
present  six  ex  officio  members,  to  substitute  for  the  other  sixteen 
Regents,  eight  members,  two  from  each  Congressional  District, 
the  term  of  office  being  four  years.  This  plan,  which  would 
secure  representation  for  the  different  sections  and  interests  of 
the  State,  finds  favor  with  the  Legislative  Committee  on  Edu- 
cation, who,  in  their  recent  able  report,  thus  express  themselves  : 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  69 

"  We  are  of  the  decided  opinion  that  no  State  educational  inntitution,  such  as 
the  Univetsity  of  California  is  designed  to  be,  can  be  as  pro-iperous  and  useful 
under  the  control  of  local  men  and  interests,  as  when  under  the  combined  con- 
trol of  men  representing  the  vari<d  callings,  interests  and  sections  of  the  entire 
State.  The  proposition,  it  seems  to  us,  answers  itself,  and  does  nut  admit  of 
discussion.  We  believe  that  such  a  change  would  greatly  advance  the  best 
interests  of  the  University." 

Whether  the  eight  members  should  be  elected  by  the  people 
or  hold  under  executive  appointment,  is  a  matter  of  detail ;  in 
which  ever  way  created,  such  a  Board  could  not  but  be  in  sym- 
pathetic relations  with  the  people  of  the  State.  1  add,  that 
this  method  prevails  in  many  of  the  Western  States. 

THEIR  RELATIONS  WITH  THE  FACULTY. 

As  regards  the  relations  between  the  Kegents  and  the  Faculty, 
I  am  aware  that  I  am  treading  on  delicate  ground ;  but  I  have 
seen  faithful  and  honorable  men,  and  that  within  a  few  days, 
placed  in  a  position  far  more  delicate,  where  a  full  and  free  ut- 
terance of  their  own  convictions  was  morally  impossible,  without 
personal  risks  that  men  with  families  dependent  upon  them  do 
not  care  to  run,  and  where  the  general  interests  of  the  institu- 
tion which  they  have  learned  to  love  with  an  almost  parental 
sentiment,  seemed  to  require  their  silence.  Nevertheless,  I  think 
that  truth  and  honor  demand  an  outspoken  expression  of  opinion 
on  my  part,  for  I  am  not  prepared  to  except  that  new  definition 
of  treason  which  makes  it  consist  in  doubting  for  a  moment  the 
infallibility  of  the  Board  of  Regents  as  to  the  whole  theory  and 
practice  of  University  education. 

I  feel  bold  to  say  that  the  University  of  California  cannot 
rest  on  a  sound  foundation  until  there  is  a  rational  readjustment 
of  power  between  the  Regents  and  the  Faculty.  The  relations 
of  the  Faculty  to  the  Regents  have  become  more  and  more  that 
of  "  employes  "  to  an  employer,  while  the  relations  of  the  Re- 
gents to  the  people  seem  to  be  less  and  less  those  of  emjiloyed 
and  employer.  And  between  Faculty  and  Board  there  is  noth- 
ing like  correlation  of  rights.  The  greatest  discovery  of  modern 
political  science  is  the  introduction  of  checks  and  balances,  as 
guards  against  the  absolutism  of  power  lodged  in  the  hands  of 
any  single  body.  But,  with  no  power  in  the  hands  of  the  Fac  - 
ulty,  and  all  power  in  the  hands  of  the  Regents,  there  has  en- 
sued the  necessary  consequence — timidity  on  the  one  hand,  and 
despotism  on  the  other.  In  this  state  of  affairs,  a  l'ret>ideut, 
however  willing  to  voice  the  Faculty,  would,  from  the  very  con- 
stiution  of  human  nature,  be  sure  in  the  long  run  to  go  where 
power  lay.  I  believe  President  Gilman  has  been  acute  enough 
to  see  this,  and  to  act  accordingly.  Now,  if  in  this  state  of 
affairs  we  suppose  a  President  to  have  some  special  educational 


70 


PROFESSOR  8WINT0N  8  TESTIMONY. 


"crank,"  bias,  or  prejudice  (say  opposition  to  industrial  educa- 
tion), he  might,  being  wholly  independent  of  the  Faculty,  by 
assiduous  court  paid  to  the  Regents,  succeed  in  bringing  them 
over  to  his  "  policy,"  and  thus  in  placing  the  University  in  an 
utterly  false  position. 

LOGIC    RUN    MAD. 

It  is,  in  my  opinion,  precisely  through  this  train  of  circum- 
stances that  the  Roard  of  Regents  have,  by  President  Gilman, 
been  placed  in  the  present  lamentable  position  of  antagonisn  to 
the  popular  educational  demands.  It  is  only  unfortunate  that 
honorable  and  high-minded  men  should  consider  it  a  matter  of 
pride  to  maintain  this  attitude,  and,  at  the  slightest  suggestion- 
of  criticism,  form  a  circumvallation  of  defence  around  the  privi- 
leges of  their  guild  ;  for  the  odd  contradictions  of  fact  and  logic 
into  which  they  have  thus  been  precipitated,  are  hardly  less 
amusing  than  pitiable. 

The  whole  energies  of  the  Board  and  the  President  are  direct- 
ed to  prove : 


That    Agricultural   Col- 
leges ARE  failures. 


That  there  is  no  demand 
for  agricultural  education 
— i.  e.  that  the  university 
has  no  agricultural  students 

That  the  only  reason  why 
agriculture  is  not  taught 
practically  is  want  of  means. 

That  the  Agricultural 
Professor  is  inefficient. 


That  the  management  of 
the  University  demands  elev- 
en eminent  lawyers  to  secure 

ITS   success. 


That  the  University  has 
AN     Agriculturial    College 

NOW,  AND  THAT  THE  ReGENTS 
are  DEVOTING  NINETEEN  TWEN- 
TIETHS OF  THE  University  in- 
come TO  ITS  DEVELOPEMENT. 

That  of  the  eighteen  pro- 
fessors AND   INSTRUCTORS,  ALL 

but  one  are  engaged  in  teach- 
ing agriculture. 

That  the  legislation  ask- 
ed FOR  BY  the  MEMORIALISTS, 
to  SECURE    SUCH    MEANS,  OUGHT 

not  to  be  granted. 

That  his  urgency  in  behalf 
of  agricultural  education  is 
disloyalty  to  his  employers, 
and  requires  that  he  be  made 
an  example  of  to  evil  doers. 

That  these  lawyers  are 
unacquainted  with  the  stat- 
utes respecting  the  univer- 
SITY. 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY.  71 

DESIRABLE    POINTS. 

I  have  said  that  the  remedy  for  the  kind  of  evils  here  spoken 
of  is  to  be  found  in  the  rational  readjustment  of  power  between 
the  Regents  and  the  Faculty.  In  any  such  i)lan,  there  are  two 
desiderata  that  should  certainly  be  secured : 

1.  Legislative  action  that  shall  make  the  summary  removl  of 
a  Professor  impossible,  by  providing  that  such  removal  shall  be 
only  for  cause,  and  after  fair  trial.  The  justice  of  this  measure 
is  obvious,  for  what  man  of  superior  talent  will  dedicate  his  life 
to  University  instruction  without  other  guarantee  than  the 
pleasure  of  the  Board  of  Regents  ?  It  is  not  an  agreeable  thing 
for  a  quiet  scholar  to  lie  down  to  rest  a  University  Professor 
and  to  find  in  the  morning  that  his  chair  has  been  vacated  with- 
out notice  or  reason  alleged.  Nor  is  this  an  imaginary  case ; 
it  happened  three  years  ago  in  the  instance  of  a  Professor  in 
the  University  of  California,  and  sent  a  thrill  of  horror  and 
shame  throughout  the  world  of  letters.  That  such  an  outrage 
was  possible  in  a  civilized  country,  in  the  nineteenth  century,  is 
reason  enough  for  demanding  that  laio  shall  regulate  where 
honor  is  silent. 

2.  Legislative  action  that  shall  place  in  the  hands  of  the 
Faculty  the  power  of  annually  choosing  from  their  own  number 
one  who,  in  addition  to  his  professional  duties,  shall  act  as 
executive  officer  or  President  of  the  University.  This  is  the 
plan  devised  by  the  wisdom  of  Jefferson  of  the  University  of 
Virginia  (in  which  institution  it  has  been  in  successful  operation 
for  over  three  quarters  of  a  century),  and  which  has  been  adopted 
by  various  modern  Universities  such  as  that  of  Melbourne.  (For 
over  a  year  after  the  organization  of  the  University,  one  of  the 
hardest  worked  professors,  John  Le  Conte,  was  "acting  president ;" 
and  this  was  precisely  the  period  of  the  greatest  harmony  and 
success  of  the  institution.)  The  advantage  of  this  method,  on 
the  score  of  economy,  is  obvious  ;  but,  to  my  mind,  it  has  another 
advantage  still  more  important.  As  I  said  in  my  testimony 
before  you,  "  Such  an  officer,  being  annually  elected  by  the  Fac- 
ulty, and  responsible  to  that  body,  is  in  a  position  analogous  to 
an  English  Prime  Minister,  since  he  may  be  passed  on  with 
regard  to  confidence  or  want  of  confidence."  It  is,  in  eifect,  a 
self  adjusting  arrangement,  whereby,  in  the  event  of  a  President' 
ceasing  to  represent  the  best  interests  of  the  University,  he  would 
be  removable  before  his  influence  could  seriously  damage  the 
institution.  It  had  been  happy  indeed,  for  the  Univorsily  of 
California,  had  there  been  such  a  safeguard  against  the  mischief 
of  an  executive  officer,  who,  while  a   person    of  respectable   at- 


72  PROFESSOR  SWINTON's  TESTIMONY. 

taininents  is,  both  by  training  and  temperament,  simply  incapa- 
ble of  grasping  either  the  grandest  phase  of  modern  education 
or  the  practical  wants  of  the  people  of  California. 

PERSONAL. 

It  has  given  me  pleasure  to  appear  before  your  commit- 
tee, and  I  have,  at  considerable  personal  sacrifice,  deferred  my 
journey  to  New  York,  for  the  purpose  of  doing  so,  because  I  am 
deeply  iuterested  in  the  welfare  of  the  noble  institution  with 
which  it  was  my  happiness  to  be  connected  from  the  time  of  its 
incei)tion  until  the  3d  instant.  During  five  years  I  devoted 
myself  to  its  service  with  passionate  ardor,  and  now  that  my  re- 
lations to  it  are  finally  severed,  ray  constant  prayer  is  and  ever 
shall  be,  "  God  bless  the  University  of  California." 

These  declarations  which,  if  unjustified  by  theoccasian,  might 
savor  of  self  sufficiency,  I  make  now  with  honest  boldness,  for 
the  reason  that  attempts  have  been  made  to  obscure,  if  not  to 
obstruct  investigation,  by  raising  false  issues  and  side  issues,  in 
substituting  questions  of  mere  personality  for  the  momentous 
concernments  of  the  University.  I  think  it  my  right  and  duty 
to  make  reference  to  two  or  three  illustrations  of  this,  in  con- 
nection with  my  own  testimony. 

Thus  it  has  been  sought  to  make  it  appear  : 

1.  That  my  views  on  certain  matters,  were  influenced  by  as- 
pirations for  the  presidency  of  the  University.  This  impression 
was  conveyed  rather  by  implication  than  by  direct  statement, 
and  is  scarcely  worthy  of  serious  denial  here,  for  it  is  notorious 
that  1  have  ever  proclaimed  myself  not  only  unambitious  of  the 
position,  but  wholly  unfitted  for  it,  both  by  taste  and  tempera- 
ment. 

2.  That  my  views  should  lose  their  force  from  my  not  being  a 
so-called  "University-bred"  man.  If  "University  breeding" 
afforded  a  reasonable  guaranty  for  infallibility  of  judgment,  the 
objection  would  be  weighty,  indeed ;  though  if  it  does  afford 
such  guaranty,  I  have  certainly  been  unfortunate  in  many  of 
the  products  of  this  miraculous  breeding  that  I  have  had  the  honor 
to  encounter.  Such  mental  discipline  as  may  be  derived  from 
four  or  five  years  attendance  on  college  courses,  in  several  insti- 
tutions, it  was  my  happiness  to  gain,  by  my  own  effort,  amid 
the  bitter  experiences  of  that  "  chill  penury  "  which,  contrary 
to  the  poet's  phrase,  has  not  always  been  able  to  "  repress  the 
noble  rage."  When,  a  very  few  years  after  the  period  at  which 
the  need  of  bread-winning  compelled  me  to  quit  ray  college 
without  a  parchment  voucher,  that  same  honored  institution 
sent  me  a  master's  degree,  it  was  with  the  statement  that  it  was 


PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY.  73 

merited  by  literary  performances  which  "  University  breeding  " 
does  not  always  secure.  And,  as  regards  the  whole  matter  of 
the  absurdly  ex  post  facto  question  of  my  intellectual  fitness 
for  a  Professor,  1  shall  simply  say  that  the  biographic  details  of 
my  education,  such  as  it  was,  and  of  my  literary  contributions, 
such  as  they  are,  are  of  record  in  all  the  cyclojjredias  and  histo- 
ries of  American  literature,  published  both  at  home  and  abroad 
— a  fact  which  it  has  not  been  my  good  fortune  to  discover  in 
the  case  either  of  my  interlocutor,  or  of  the  gentlemen  who,  I 
believe,  suggested  the  characteristic  question  (President  Gil- 
man). 

3.  That  I  have  been,  while  in  the  University,  a  maker  of 
text  books.  What  relevancy  this  can  possibly  bear  to  the  ques- 
tion of  my  capacity  as  a  witness  on  the  condition  and  manage- 
ment of  the  University,  it  is  not  easy  to  discover.  That  I  ever 
neglected  the  duties  of  my  chair  to  occupy  myself  with  literary 
labors,  1  think  will  hardly  be  charged  by  any  one  cognizant  of 
the  facts  of  the  case.  And  if,  in  connection  with  my  University 
work,  I  have  contributed  somewhat  to  educational  literature — a 
fact  which,  on  the  occasion  of  my  examination  before  you,  a 
Regent  sought  by  inference  to  put  in  the  category  of  a  "  high 
crime  and  misdemeanor  " — I  can  but  say  that  I  have  never  be- 
fore heard  this  considered  as  other  than  matter  of  reasonable 
pride.  1  had  imagned  that  it  was  by  just  such  services  that  the 
chairs  in  Universities  are  rendered  of  good  repute  in  the  laud. 
And,  indeed,  I  shall  have  to  confess  that  not  only  have  I,  myself, 
written,  but  that  I  have  aided  and  abetted  other  of  my  colleagues 
in  writing  and  publishing  works  that  have  found  national  and  in- 
ternational approval ;  but  it  may  be  fairly  supposed  they  will 
now  take  warning  by  the  censure  that  has  been  passed  on  me, 
and  not  make  any  more  books.  The  temptation  to  indulge  in 
irony  on  this  subject,  while  great,  must,  however,  be  put  aside 
by  me,  and  I  shall  content  myself  with  the  honest  avowal  that 
it  w^as  bound  up  with  my  deepest  convictions  of  duty  as  a  Pro- 
fessor to  do  my  part  lor  school  literature.  I  judged  that  as  the 
incumbent  of  a  chair  in  a  University  avowedly  the  head  of  the 
public  educational  system  of  the  State,  a  praiseworthy  piece  of 
work  would  be  to  prepare  in  my  own  department  a  series  of 
books  which  might  facilitate  the  passage  from  the  school  to  the 
University,  and  thus  bridge  over  a  gulf  which  I  have  always 
regarded  as  unhappily  too  wide. 

But  enough  of  these  poor  matters  of  j)ersonality,  which  would 
never  have  been  referred  to  by  me  had  they  not  been  provoked. 
My  career  in   the  University  has  ended.     The  severance  of  my 


74  PROFESSOR  SWINTON'S  TESTIMONY. 

connection  with  the  institution  was  made  voluntarily  (although 
not  without  deep  regret  on  my  part),  being  necessitated  by  busi- 
ness considerations,  the  detailed  statement  of  which  would  not 
be  pertinent  to  this  investigation.  What  my  relations  were, 
both  with  the  Faculty  and  student,  at  the  time  of  my  resigna- 
tion, is  sufficiently  evidenced  by  the  underwritten  resolutions 
adopted  by  these  bodies,  respectively  : 

I 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Faculty  of  the  University  of  California,  held  on  Friday, 
March  sixth,  eighteen  hundred  and  seventy-four,  the  following  resolution  was 
offered  by  President  Welcker,  which  was  unanmiously  adopted  : 

liesolved,  That  it  is  with  deep  regret  that  we  learn  that  our  colleague,  Pro- 
fessor William  Swinton,  has,  by  his  resignation  of  the  chair,  which  he  has  hitherto 
filled  with  such  distinguished  ability  and  success  in  this  institution,  severed  his 
connection  with  us ;  and  furtlier,  we  heartily  tender  to  Professor  Swinton  our 
cordial  wishes  for  his  prosperity  and  happiness  in  the  time  to  come. 
Attest :  MARTIN  KELLOGG,  Dean. 

11. 

Whereas,  Necessities  have  required  Professor  William  Swinton  to  resign  the 
Chair  of  English  Literature  and  History  in  the  University  of  California  ;  there- 
fore, 

Resolved,  That  we,  students  of  this  University,  hereby  express  our  sense  of 
a  great  loss  and  our  utmost  regret  in  losing  him,  at  once  the  profound  scholar 
and  the  genial  friend. 

Resolved,  That,  in  him,  we  recognize  the  wise  counselor  and  abiding  friend ; 
that  to  his  learning  we  bow  in  respect,  for  his  friendship  we  give  him  ours,  and 
that  in  the  future  we  wish  him  all  happiness.  Our  friendship  and  best  regard 
will  make  their  journey  with  him  across  the  continent  and  take  up  their  home 
in  his. 

W.  R.  DA^as, 

L.  S.  BURCHARD, 
J.  E.  BUDD, 

Committee. 

With  this  statement  of  facts  and  opinions,  I  have  the  honor  to 
remain,  Your  obedient  servant. 

WILLIAM  SWINTON. 
Sacramento,  March  20th,  1874. 


THE 


NEW    EDUCATION. 


OBJECTIONS  TO  THE  SYSTEM  AS  TAUGHT 


-IN    THE- 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA. 


"  The  modem  world  IB  full  of  artillery  :  and -we  turn  out  onr  children  to  do  battle  in  it 
equipped  with  the  shield  and  sword  of  an  ancient  gladiator.  Posterity  will  cry  shame  on  uk 
if  we  do  net  remedy  this  deplorable  state  of  things.  Nay,  if  we  bre  twenty  years  lon^r. 
onr  own  consciencies  will  cry  shame  on  us.  Modem  oiviliz»ti<in  rests  upon  pbyaioiU 
science.  "—Hxrxi.T. 


San  Francisco,  October  2,  1874. 
HON.  G.  W.  PINNEY,  Oakland, 

Deak  Sir  : — Learning  that  you  are  the  author  of  a  pamphlet  entitled  the 
"New  Education  "  published  over  the  signature  "Columella,"  I  request  your 
consent  to  its  publication  in  connection  with  Professor  Carr's  communication  to 
the  Joint  Committee  of  Grangers  and  Mechanics,  Professor  Swiuton's  Testi- 
mony before  the  Legislature,  and  other  documents  relative  to  the  Universty. 

Respectfully  yours, 

W.  H.  BAXTER. 

Chairman  Committee. 


San  Francisco,  October  7,  1874. 
W.  H.  BAXTER  Esq.,  Chairman,  etc. 

Dear  Sir  : — I  have  the  honor  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  your  favor  of  the 
2d  inst.  attributing  to  me,  the  authorship  of  the  "New  Education,"  and  re- 
questing my  consent  to  its  publication  with  other  documents  relating  to  the  same 
subject. 

My  pamphlet  is  protected  by  no  copyright.  I  wrote  and  published  it,  with 
the  hope  that  it  might  direct  the  attention  of  our  agriculturists  and  mechanics 
to  the  subjects  of  which  it  treats,  and  to  the  manner  in  which  those  subjects  were 
treated  by  the  California  L^niversity.  These  classes,  which  perform  so  important 
an  office  in  all  the  industrial  enterprises  of  our  State  and  country,  cannot  dis- 
charge a  higher  or  holier  duty  for  humanity  in  this  age,  than  to  see  that  the 
object  of  Congress  in  the  "  New  Education  "  is  accomplished.  They  alone,  can 
do  it.  The  reform  is  in  their  hands.  If  it  fails  to  realize  all  that  is  promised  for 
it — all  the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  its  founders,  the  blame  will  be  theirs. 
It  is  emphatically  a  trust  confided  to  their  intelligence  and  energy. 

Make  any  use  of  the  pamphlet  that  will  aid  the  cause  of  the  "  New  Educa- 
iton."     My  only  care  concerning  it  is,  that  it  does  not  more  fully  and  clearly 
express  the   lively  interest,  which   as  a  citizen  I   feel  in  that  most  important  of 
all  subjects.     Wishing  you  and  the  associations  you  represent  great  success, 
I  have  the  honor  to  be  your  obedient  servant, 

G.  W.  P. 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 


"  To-day,"  says  Hoyt  in  his  review  of  the  Schools  of  Agri- 
culture, "no  fducational  question  occupies  moreof  the  attention 
of  the  educators  and  statesmen  of  civilized  nations,  than  how  to 
organize  and  operate  institutions  and  other  agencies  for  the  de- 
velopment of  agricultural  science,  and  the  diffusion  of  its  light 
among  the  groping  millions  who  cultivate  the  soil."  In  the 
entire  history  of  educational  enterprise,  no  other  subject  possess- 
es equal  practical  interest.  Agriculture,  the  first  of  human 
pursuits,  is  the  last  to  receive  the  aid  of  science.  This  is  the 
single  unexplored  field,  which  is  yet  to  witness  the  most  impor- 
tant achievements  of  civilization.  And  how  much  there  is  of  it 
to  explore  !  From  the  remotest  antiquity,  down  through  all  the 
nations,  agriculture  has  been  the  elementary  pursuit,  and  yet,  as 
compared  with  other  occupations,  how  little  of  imj)rovement  has 
it  known.  Wherever  and  whenever  experiments  have  been  tried, 
results  have  been  wonderful,  but  the  earth  has  been  too  generous 
a  mother  to  encourage  experiment.  Agriculture  has  crept  stead- 
ily through  the  ages,  enriching  nations  and  subduing  nature, 
encouraging  commerce  and  the  arts,  and  at  all  times,  either  of 
prosperity  or  adversity,  proving  itself  the  surest,  safest,  most 
reliable  friend  of  the  human  family. 

The  various  processes  by  which  agriculture  has  grown  into  an 
educational  question,  have  been  of  slow  accumulation,  and  owe 
their  origin  to  such  necessities  as  from  time  to  time  have  ap- 
peared and  been  supplied  in  all  parts  of  the  civilized  world 
The  experiments  of  half  a  century  in  soils,  in  crops,  in  farming 
implements,  in  horticulture  and  in  stock  raising,  have  demon- 
strated the  value  of  science  in  its  application  to  every  branch  of 
agriculture.  Papers  and  periodicals  have  been  established  to 
publish  these  discoveries.  Societies  have  been  organized  to  en- 
large the  field  of  investigation.  Geological  surveys  have  been 
made  at  vast  expense  to  reveal  the  riches  of  the  soil.  Agricul- 
tural reports  have  been  published  and  circulated,  together  with 
seeds  and  plants,  in  great  variety  throughout  the  coiuitry.  A  de- 
partment of  agriculture  has  been  organized  by  the  government 
in  aid  of  the  pursuit.  County  and  State  Fairs  have  been  in- 
troduced  to  encourage  farmers.     Great,   various  and  multipli- 


78  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

ed  have  been  the  means  employed  to  develope  and  dignify  the 
pursuit  of  agriculture,  and  to  give  to  it  a  prominence  and  rank 
among  other  pursuits,  to  which  its  importance  and  respectability 
entitle  it.  The  results  have  everywhere  been  attended  with 
success — and  not  only  has  agriculture,  but  all  other  occupations 
been  improved  and  enlarged  by  the  enterprise.  But  every  ad- 
vance made  has  only  demonstrated  more  clearly,  that  any  efforts 
less  than  those  which  contemplate  a  thorough  fundamental 
course  of  instruction,  that  shall  train  and  educate  the  agricultu- 
rist in  various  branches  of  his  occupation,  must  fail  to  attain  the 
high  standard,  which  as  the  leading  pursuit  in  America,  agricul- 
ture should  maintain.  Our  country  with  its  immense  agricultu- 
ral domain,  fresh  from  the  hands  of  the  creator,  has  never  fully 
realized  the  importance  of  agricultural  education.  The  soil  has 
always  su23plied  our  home  wants,  and  steadily  increased  our 
commerece  with  other  nations — and  until  our  population,  like 
that  of  Europe,  becomes  so  great  that  every  acre  is  needed  to 
afford  the  means  of  subsistence,  it  will  continue  to  do  so.  We 
might  go  on  prosperously  for  a  century  or  more,  without  any 
failure  of  ugricultural  increase  or  wealth,  and  make  no  greater 
efforts  than  we  have  made  to  improve  and  elevate  that  pursuit, 
but  with  what  result  ?  At  the  close  of  the  period,  we  would 
have  an  ignorant,  stationary  population  of  farmers — a  half  cul- 
tivated, worn  out  soil,  and  all  efforts  at  improvoments  would  then 
prove  hopeless. 

The  political  considerations  which  dictate  a  course  of  thor- 
ough education  for  our  agriculturists,  are  quite  as  important  as 
any  which  are  connected  with  the  subject  as  a  pursuit.  Our 
farmers  should  understand  our  government  as  well  as  our  soil. 
They  should  be  as  capable  of  comprehending  human  as  natural 
laws,  and  should  know  how  the  evils  of  state  are  to  be  remedied, 
as  well  as  the  evils  of  their  crops.  It  is  this  sort  of  an  educa- 
tion that  our  government  is  seeking  to  introduce  through  the 
various  colleges  which  have  been  established  by  its  munficence. 

The  question  of  establishing  State  Colleges  of  Agriculture 
was  first  agitated  in  America,  by  prominent  agriculturists,  in 
1837.  To  Michigan  belongs  the  honor  of  establishing  the  first 
agricultural  college,  as  long  ago  as  1855.  Never  since  have  the 
objects  of  such  an  institution  been  more  fully  comprehended. 
"  They  are,  "  the  Act  says — "  firstly,  to  impart  a  knowledge  of 
science  and  its  applications  to  the  arts  of  life — secondly  to  af- 
ford to  its  students  the  privilege  of  daily  manual  labor,  that 
neither  health  nor  inclination  to  labor  may  be  lost,  and  that  the 
principles  taught  in  the  schools  may  be  more  firmly  fixed  in  the 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  79 

mind — thirdly,  to  persecute  experiments  for  the  promotion  of 
agriculture — fourthly,  to  offer  the  means  of  a  general  education 
to  the  farming  classes." 

Similar  institutions  were  soon  chartered  by  the  legislature  of 
New  York,  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  Then  came  the  na- 
tional endowment  of  1862,  announcing  that  its  object,  "with- 
out excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  includ- 
ing military  tactics,  was  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as 
are  related  to  agricultre  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  order  to  pro- 
mote the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  class- 
es in  the  several  pusuits  and  professions  of  life." 

The  donation  was  made  for  the  industrial  classes — mechanics, 
farmers,  laborers.  It  made  instruction  in  their  pursuits  a  speci- 
alty, without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies. 
The  chief  purpose  of  the  grant  was  to  introduce  a  thorough 
course  of  instruction  in  all  the  States,  in  all  branches  relating  to 
agriculture  and  mechanics.  Its  object  was  to  educate  that  class 
of  our  citizens  who  were  engaged  or  a])out  to  engage  in  these 
pursuits  for  a  livelihood,  whether  as  teachers  or  operatives — not 
those  who  made  choice  of  the  professions.  Other  institutions 
for  instruction  in  the  "  higher  education,"  as  it  is  called,  were 
numerous  and  well  endowed.  These  were  neglected  branches 
and  could  not  be  introduced  without  this  aid.  As  a  consequence, 
a  very  large  portion  of  our  population,  embracing  that  class  en- 
gaged in  the  most  productive  pursuits  of  the  nation,  were 
deprived  of  the  means  of  education  in  those  branches  pertaining 
to  their  occupation. 

Any  other  interpretation  than  this  of  the  object  of  Congress,  is 
a  perversion  of  its  meaning  and  intention.  Any  appropriation 
of  the  revenues  derivable  from  the  endowment,  not  made  spe- 
cifically for  the  promotion  of  the  liberal  and  practical  education 
of  the  industiral  classes,  is  a  violation  of  good  faith  by  the 
States  which  accepted  it. 

Congress  judged,  that  if  properly  conducted,  this  "new  edu- 
cation "  would  work  a  long  desired  revolution  in  the  leading 
pursuits  of  the  nation,  and  establish  their  claims  to  a  just  and 
equal  rank  with  the  learned  profession.  Many  of  the  best  and 
strongest  minds  in  the  nation  would  be  devoted  to  agriculture 
and  mechanics.  The  results  would  be  seen  in  a  steady  improve- 
ment of  the  mehanical  and  inventive  genius  of  the  people,  and 
a  triumph  over  nature  in  the  reclamation  of  worn  out  soils  in 
the  culture  of  unproductive  lands  and  in  the  thorough  develope- 
ment  of  our  agricultural  resources. 

The  gift  was  strictly  guarded.     The  States  were  to  pay  all  ex- 


80  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

penses.  No  part  of  the  fund,  either  directly  or  indiredtly  should 
be  used  to  purchase,  erect,  repair  or  preserve  any  building.  The 
acceptance  of  the  land  was  a  guarantee  by  the  State  that  the  capi- 
tal should  be  kei)t  intact.  If  it  became  diminished  or  lost,  the 
State  should  replace  it. 

The  effect  of  the  endowment  was  inspirational.  Most  of  the 
States  responded  immediately  to  the  grand  design.  Less  than 
twelve  years  have  elapsed  since  the  law  was  passed.  At  that 
time  there  were  three  agricultural  colleges  in  the  Union.  Now 
there  are  thirty-eight. 

How  did  they  understand  the  object  of  Congress  ?  We  learn 
from  their  action.  Of  thirty-eight  colleges  that  have  been  Or- 
ganized, thirty-two  besides  providing  all  means  for  scientific 
instruction,  are  furnished  with  experimental  farms,  and  twenty- 
one  make  satisfactory  reports  of  progress,  in  raising  crops,  rota- 
tion, fertilizing,  selection  of  different  varieties  of  stock  cattle, 
horses,  sheej),  culture  of  fruit,  and  instruction  in  veterinary 
science,  horticulture,  &c.  Appended  to  the  report  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  Pennsylvania  College  for  the  year  1873,  are  tables  show- 
ing what  experiments  have  been  made  in  rotation  of  crops,  and 
in  the  use  and  variety  of  fertilizers  for  a  period  of  five  years, 
commencing  with  1869.  Similar  tables  accompany  the  Virgin- 
ia report.  Many  of  the  reports  of  other  States  contain  impor- 
tant hints  on  a  great  number  of  subjects  connected  with  the 
practical  cultivation,  the  qualities  of  difierent  breeds  of  domestic 
animals,  and  comparative  utility  of  various  farming  implements. 
The  course  of  instruction,  the  mode  in  which  chemical  and 
other  scientific  experiments  are  practically  illustrated  in-door 
and  out-door  exercises,  are  set  forth  in  many  of  the  reports  with 
distinctiveness  and  precsion.  They  express  a  determination  to 
supply  their  institutions  with  all  needful  facilities  for  carrying 
out  the  purposes  of  the  grant;  and  the  fullest  confidence  in 
their  power  to  accomplish  the  most  sanguine  hopes  of  their 
friends.  A  feeling  of  regret  is  expressed  by  some,  that  the 
grant  is  not  large  enough  to  justify  many  important  expendi- 
tures. Those  States  that  have  been  delayed  in  their  organiza- 
tions, avow  a  determination  to  make  up  for  loss  of  time  by  giving 
the  subject  immediate  attention. 

The  aggregate  number  of  students  in  attendance  upon  these 
institutions,  and  the  Universities  with  which  many  of  them  are 
connected,  for  the  collegiate  year  of  1872,  as  Ave  learn  from  the 
report  of  the  department  of  agriculture,  was  5373.  Of  this 
number,  2604  were  in  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Coll- 
eges.    A  gratifying  feature  in  these  reports,  is  that  they  generally 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  81 

show  an  increased  list  of  students  year  after  year.  The  Presi- 
dent of  the  Pennsylvania  College,  says : — farming  is  not  an  ad 
captandum  branch  in  the  catalogue,  but  a  regular  and  produc- 
tive pursuit.  Chemistry  is  practical  analysis  in  laboratory,  the 
text  book  being  only  a  basis  ;  botany  is  work  in  the  fields,  and 
not  a  study  of  pictures  only ;  mathematics  is  carried  also  into 
the  fields,  and  practical  surveyors  and  engineers  are  made." 

We  learn  from  the  general  outline  of  the  character  of  these 
institutions,  that  the  people  understand  the  great  design  of  this 
new  system  of  education,  to  be  an  enlargement  upon  all  former 
systems,  by  the  introduction  of  practical  branches,  which  shall 
80  unite  the  theories  of  learning  and  science  with  technical  ex- 
emplifications, that  they  can  be  utilized  in  all  the  great  pursuits 
of  life.  Opposed  at  first  by  a  few  of  our  leading  educators,  the 
system  has  already  proved  the  fallacy  of  their  strongest  objec- 
tions. And  such  men  as  the  lamented  Agassiz,  who  for  years 
after  its  introduction,  was  skeptical  in  regard  to  its  possible 
utility,  now  unite  with  him,  in  the  confession,  that  it  has  proven 
a  complete  success  and  is  entitled  to  rank  with  other  scientific 
institutions. 

Other  educators  have  spoken  of  the  system  in  terms  of  the 
highest  commendation.  President  White  of.  the  Cornell  Uni- 
versity, says : 

"It  is  to  provide  fully  for  an  industrial,  scientific,  and  general  education 
suited  to  our  land  and  time — an  education  in  which  scientific  and  industral 
studies  should  knit  into  its  very  core,  while  other  studies  should  also  be  provid- 
ed for.  And,  besides  this,  as  it  has  been  seen  that  the  States  in  rebellion  had 
gained  great  advantage  from  the  military  education  of  students,  it  was  declared 
that  intsruction  in  military  tactics  shall  also  be  included. 

*'  This  act  of  1862  was,  then,  a  noble,  comprehensive  scheme,  looking,  as  you 
see,  first  of  all  at  the  industries  of  the  nation,  but  at  the  same  time  insisting  on 
provision  for  the  broadest  scientific  and  general  culture." 

President  Clark  of  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College, 
says  of  it : 

"  The  opportunity  for  acquiring  a  valuable  education  is  offered  to  all  the 
young  men  of  the  country,  and  if  the  farmers  desire  to  have  their  sons  trained 
in  the  best  manner  to  pursue  intelligently  the  profession  of  their  fathers,  let 
them  patronize  the  College.  If  however  there  are  others  who  wish  to  have  their 
sons  enjoy  the  advantages  of  scientific  and  literary  culture,  under  circumstances 
calculated  to  interest  them  in  practical  affairs,  and  to  prepare  them  for  a  life  of 
industry  and  usefulness,  they  have  equal  rights  with  the  farmers,  and  shall  have 
eqally  cordial  welcome." 

President  Read  of  the  University  of  the  State  of  Missouri, 

says: 

"This  school  is  to  be  a  school  both  of  science  and  its  applications;  its  pur- 
pose to  teach  knowledge  and  art — first  to  know,  and  then  to  do,  and  to  do  it  in 
the  best  manner.  The  popular  objection  to  our  Colleges  takes  this  form,  '  too 
much  theory — too  litUe  practice.^  As  an  educator,  I  have  long  been  convinced 
that,  even  as  a  part  of  discipline  itself,  ihe  practical  should  follow  the  Uieoretic, 


82  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

as  its  natural  compliment  and  sequel,  and  without  this,  all  discipline  is  defective 
and  insufiicicut. 

"There  has  been  a  great  struggle  on  this  question,  what  shall  the  education 
of  our  higher  institutions  be?  Nor  is  the  question  yet  settled.  There  is  perhaps 
no  8ubje<!t  upon  which  it  is  more  difficult  to  break  away  from  our  natural  con- 
servatism— perhaps  I  had  better  say  our  old  prejudices — than  education.  We 
cling  not  only  to  the  subjects  and  methods  in  which  we  have  been  taught,  but 
even  tolerate  usages  connected  with  our  institutions  which  almost  outrage  hu- 
manity. 

"  The  prejudices  of  early  education,  natural  taste,  the  pursuits  of  Professorial 
life,  a  fondness  for  classical  criticism,  caused  me  to  over  value  what  I  best  un- 
stood,  and  upon  which  I  had  spent  years  of  study.  Thus  much  I  may  be  per- 
mitted to  say  as  to  myself.  I  do  not  now  undervalue  any  part  of  my  education — 
whether  that  of  science  or  letters.  But  this  I  do  say,  in  the  shortness  of  human 
life,  after  proper  rudimentary  training,  we  must  resort  to  special  courses.  This 
is  the  tendency  of  our  great  Universitie,  and  with  this  freedom  of  courses  there 
is  no  reason  to  keep  up  controversy.  Time  will  solve  problems  which  now  dis- 
turb the  minds  of  meu,  and  doubtless  will  sweep  away  many  of  our  most  cher- 
ished opinions.  But  on  the  subject  of  an  adapted  or  special  education,  there 
cannot  be  longer  dispute  among  thinking  men." 

Professor  Swinton  late  of  the  University  of  California,  and 
whose  capabilities  as  a  teacher  are  well  known  to  all  our  readers, 
says  : 

"The  progress,  success  and  benefits  of  the  industrial  Universities  and  Col- 
leges founded  by  Congress  to  promote  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  con- 
sidering the  means  employed,  the  recentness  of  their  establishment,  and  the  ob- 
struction put  in  their  w,ay  by  the  caste  prejudice  of  the  classicists  and  scientific 
schoolmen,  have  been  far  beyond  that  of  any  other  higher  institutions  of  learn- 
ing in  the  country,  and  form  indeed  the  most  inspiring  educational  fact  of  the 
nineteenth  century," 

Ophiions  of  similar  character,  uttered  by  the  leading  educa- 
tors of  this  country  and  Europe,  might  be  quoted  to  fill  a  vol- 
ume, but  let  these  suffice  to  correct  any  impression  unfavorable 
to  the  system,  which  may  have  gained  currency  through  local 
opposition,  or  "caste  prejudice."  It  is  certain,  that  to  day,  the 
new  system  of  education  is  rapidly  growing  in  favor  with  those 
who,  on  its  first  appearance,  regraded  it  with  great  distrust. 

We  have  not  considered  in  this  opposition  of  the  classicist, 
the  opposition  of  those  who  fear  the  developements  of  science, 
and  distrust  that  sort  of  mental  training  which  looks  beyond 
theory  for  a  confirmation  of  its  assumptions.  Their  number  is 
diminishing  daily,  by  natural  causes ;  some  still  remain  to  dis- 
pute even  the  truths  of  geology,  because  they  overturn  the  theo- 
ry of  the  six  days  creation,  and  destroy  their  hopes  of  future 
salvation.  ^  They  never  will  be  persuaded  that  a  union  of  theory 
with  practice,  which  bases  truth  upon  experiment,  can  fail  to 
produce  a  nation  of  infidels.  There  is  no  such  God  as  they 
have  worshiped,  and  no  such  Heaven  as  they  hope  to  attain  in 
such  a  system.     To  all  such,  we  have  no  other  reply,  than  that 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  83 

there  is  no  truth  in  the  universe  too  sacred  for  investigation. 
We  have  a  little  respect  for  the  ojjinions  of  those  who  fear  the 
effects  a  of  thorough  scientific  training,  as  for  those  who,  after 
searching  nature  through  all  her  works,  cannot  look  up  through 
them  to  "  Nature's  God." 

We  need  be  at  no  loss  to  comprehend  the  views  entertained 
of  the  "  new  education,"  by  its  most  munificent  patrons.  Ezra 
Cornell  inspired  to  the  act  by  the  Congressional  donation,  gave 
nearly  a  million  dollars  to  create  a  University  where,  in  his  own 
sententious  language,  "  any  person  can  find  instruction  in  any 
study."  Agriculture  and  mechanics  illustrated  by  experiments 
in  the  field  and  in  the  workshop,  and  embracing  all  practical 
details  of  the  manner  in  which  those  pursuits  should  be  con- 
ducted, are  among  the  most  prominent  branches  taught  in  that 
institution.  No  distinction  is  recognized  between  pi-(ifcs>ional 
and  industrial  students.  No  student  can  pass  thntugli  hi-  four 
years  course,  without  receiving  as  a  condition  for  graduation  a 
course  of  lectures  on  general  agriculture. 

What  but  the  increasing  confidence  of  educators  in  the  sys- 
tem, could  have  induced  old  Harvard,  our  model  University,  to 
take  under  its  protection  the  institution  established  in  execu- 
tion of  the  trust  created  by  the  will  of  Benjamin  Bussy .?  This 
school  is  intended  for  the  following  class  of  persons : 

"1.  Young  niea  who  intend  to  bacome  practical  farmers,  gardeners,  florists, 
or  landscape  gardeners. 

2.  Young  men  who  will  naturally  be  called  upon  to  manage  large  estates — 
such  av«i  the  sons  of  large  farmers  and  of  city  men  who  own  country  places. 

3.  Young  men  of  character,  good  judgment  and  native  force,  who  have 
neither  taste  nor  aptitude  for  literary  studies,  but  being  fond  of  country  life 
and  observant  of  natural  objects,  would  make  when  thoroughly  trained,  good 
stewards  or  overseers  of  gentlemen's  estates. 

4.  Teachers,  or  young  men  preparing  to  be  teachers,  who  expect  to  be  called 
upon  to  teach  some  of  the  subjects  taught  in  this  schools. 

5.  Persons  who  wish  to  familiarize  themselves  with  some  special  branch  of 
Agriculture,  Horticulture  or  applied  Zoology. 

A  year's  study  in  the  Lawrence  Scientific  School  also  con- 
nected with  the  University,  is  required  as  preparatory  to  entry 
into  the  Bussy  institution.  In  these  two  institutions,  the  student 
has  the  instruction  of  thirty -five  different  teachers  on  special 
branches  of  the  science  of  agriculture.  The  instruction  is  il- 
lustrated by  the  rich  scientific  collections  of  Harvard  Universi- 
ty ;  a  botanic  garden,  a  large  and  ])rofitable  farm,  green  houses, 
propagating  houses  and  field  experiments. 

To  come  nearer  home.  Among  the  munificent  donations  of 
our  fellow  citizen,  James  Lick,  none  will  benefit  a  larger  or 
more  deserving  class,  than  the  $300,000  appropriated  to  the 
erection  and  endowment  of  a  school  for  the  mechanics  in  San 


84  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

Francisco.  And  yet,  without  the  confidence  inspired  by  the 
public  estimation,  in  which  that  branch  of  instruction  is  held, 
the  donation  would  never  have  been  made. 

Such  benefactions  as  these  show  how  strong  a  hold  the  new 
education  has  taken  on  the  public  mind.  The  object  of  Peter 
Cooper  in  establishing  his  institute  in  New  York  City,  was  to 
furnish  a  kind  of  practical  instruction,  which  could  not  be  ob- 
tained in  the  higher  institutions.  He  could  have  endowed  sev- 
eral professorships  in  Yale  or  Harvard  with  the  same  money 
but  as  the  result  of  his  experiment  has  proved,  he  would  never 
have  been  regarded  as  a  benefactor,  by  thousands  who  have 
been  rescued  from  the  hard  life  by  city  drudgery,  for  more 
profitable  and  congenial  occupation.  He  might  have  aided  the 
"  higher  education,"  but  he  would  not  have  aided  the  education 
of  the  poor  and  lowly. 

The  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Colleges  bridge  over  the 
gulf  in  educational  facilities,  that  has  hertofore  existed  between 
the  professional  and  industrial  classes.  They  break  down  the 
royal  road  to  learning,  and  give  dignity  to  the  most  useful  pur- 
suits of  life,  equal  to  that  claimed  for  the  most  learned.  They 
educate  alike  the  head  and  the  hand,  and  train  the  muscles  and 
sinews  to  obey  the  thought.  They  make  the  soil  and  its  pro- 
ducts a  study  which  will  contiibute  more  to  the  greatness  and 
wealth  of  the  nation,  more  to  the  happiness  and  elevation  of 
our  race,  than  any  other  institution  in  the  world. 

These  practical  advantages  commend  themselves  to  the  sym- 
pathies and  support  of  that  great  portion  of  our  fellows  who  are 
to  be  benefited  by  them.  The  wealthy  farmer,  mechanic  or 
mei chant  who  fails  to  appreciate,  and  hence  to  admit,  the  par- 
ticular utility  of  a  classical  education,  and  closes  his  purse 
strings  against  every  appeal  to  aid  it,  cannot  be  blind  to  the 
wide  spread  and  practical  blessings  which  must  flow  from  this 
new  system,  nor  deaf  to  the  claims  it  has  upon  his  class  of  so- 
ciety for  assistance  in  the  hour  of  need.  Nothing  is  more  cer- 
tain in  the  future,  if  we  may  judge  from  the  records  of  the  past, 
than  that  the  "  new  education  "  when  generally  undersood  and 
appreciated,  will  never  want  for  means  necessary  to  eftect  its 
widest  dissemination. 

The  "  new  education  "  will  make  mechanical  and  agricultural 
pursuits  attractive.  The  country  needs  farmers  and  mechanics 
more  than  it  needs  lawyers,  physicians  and  clergymen.  The 
professions  are  all  overcrowded.  More  than  half  the  number 
of  those  engaged  in  them,  eke  out  an  unprofitable,  unremuner 
ative  existence ;  few  in  proportion  attain  to  eminence,  and  many 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  85 

depend  upon  other  pursuits  for  the  acquisisition  of  wealth.     One 

great  reason  for  this  is,  that  neither  farming  or  mechanics  of 
themselves,  present  to  the  youthful  mind,  especially  to  young 
men  of  ambition  and  enterprise,  any  of  those  0])portunitie8  for 
intellectual  renown,  which  are  the  necessary  conditions  of  suc- 
cessful professional  life.  The  avenues  to  cultivated  society,  to 
acquaintance  with  men  of  eminence,  to  intimacy  in  j)ersonal 
relations  with  men  of  education,  are  opened  grudgingly  to  the 
most  successful  agriculturists  and  mechanics;  and  to  those,  in 
humble  condition  closed  altogether.  The  new  system,  by  making 
these  pursuits  intellectual  as  well  as  useful,  will  obtain  for  them 
an  equal  rank  with  the  professions.  Let  our  young  men  see 
that  equal  opportunity  is  afforded  for  eminence  in  the  one  pur- 
suit as  the  other,  and  the  time  will  soon  come  when  our  great 
men  and  rulers  will  as  often  be  found  among  the  industrial  as 
the  professional  classes.  Farmer's  sons  will  then  from  choice 
follow  the  occupation  of  their  sires ;  but  will  be  none  the  less 
qualified  to  fill  with  ability  and  dignity,  the  highest  positions  in 
public  life. 

But  these  pursuits  to  be  made  attractive  must  have  thorough 
culture.  The  lessons  of  the  lecture  room  must  be  illustrated  in 
the  field  and  the  workshop.  These  are  the  real  laboratories 
where  the  student  can  practice  and  observe  the  benefits  of  ap- 
plied science — the  only  means  by  which  he  can  make  an  ac- 
complishment of  an  otherwise  hard  and  laborious  occnpation. 

The  culture  too,  without  being  necessarily  ornamental  or  ele- 
gant, must  be  liberal  and  comprehensive,  so  as  to  afibrd  the 
student  an  outlook  from  his  pursuit  u])on  the  world  of  science 
and  letters,  but  this  must  not  be  mistaken  for  the  grand  object 
of  his  life. 

Nothing  less  than  a  thorough,  radical  course  of  instruction 
can  ever  convince  the  farmers  and  mechanics  of  the  utility  of 
the  new  system.  They  are  not  as  a  class  scientific  men.  They 
must  have  practical  exemplification  of  the  utility  of  these  col- 
leges before  they  can  give  them  their  confidence.  If  they  can 
see  the  experiments  in  agriculture  and  horticulture — the  select- 
ed stock,  the  crops,  the  fruits,  if  they  can  receive  the  seeds,  rciid 
the  results  of  the  various  methods  of  handling,  reclaiming  and 
fertilizing  soils,  the  information  thus  given  them  will  do  more 
to  build  up  colleges  and  fill  them  with  students,  than  all  the 
labor  and  instruction  of  the  class  room.  It  is  but  fair  to  pre- 
sume that  it  was  because  they  did  not  see  any  of  these  appli- 
ances to  successful  culture  in  the  University  of  California, 
that  the  two  great  producing  classes  of  the  State  memoralized 


86  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

the  Legislature  on  the  subject  at  its  recent  session.     And  what 
did  they  say — listen  : 

"Believing  that  the  first  and  higest  employment  of  men  is  to  feed,  shelter 
and  clothe  the  world,  we  ask  that  the  graduates  of  our  industrial  college  may  be 
peers  of  scholars  in  mental  culture,  and  peers  of  laborers  in  manual  skill  and 
physical  developeraent.  Agriculture  in  its  various  departments  should  be  so 
taught  and  practiced  in  our  University  as  to  send  forth  scientific  farmers,  whase 
labor  and  skill  can  utilize  the  soil  and  delvelope  its  greatest  resources  while  the 
mechanical  department  should  graduate  learned  and  skilled  mechanics ;  and  it  ia 
the  earnest  desire  of  the  agriculturists  and  mechanics  of  this  state  to  make  these 
great  departments  of  industry  the  leading  feature  of  our  State  University." 

Was  this  appeal  unnatural  ?  The  University  had  been  in 
existence  six  years.  It  had  received  the  government  endowment 
and  was  virtually  pledged  by  its  charter  to  establish  among  its 
first  departments  a  College  of  Agriculture  and  a  College  of 
Mechanics.  Thirty-two  colleges  for  instruction  in  these  pur- 
suits had  been  established  in  as  many  States  of  the  Union,  and 
were  in  successful  operation.  The  farmers  and  mechanics  learn- 
ed from  the  reports  they  had  made  to  the  government,  that  they 
were  not  only  provided  with  all  necessary  scientific  apparatus, 
but  they  had  farms  under  cultivation,  green  houses,  arboretums, 
orchards,  that  they  were  raising  fine  stock  in  cattle,  horses  and 
sheep,  making  numerous  experiments  in  all  the  varieties  of  cul- 
ture, and  the  occupations  incidental  to  farm  life,  and  realizing 
to  a  very  considerable  degree  all  the  beneficent  purposes  of  their 
creation.  The  same  volume  which  contained  these  facts,  in- 
formed them,  under  the  authority  of  the  new  President  of  their 
University,  that  while  they  have  a  fann,  "  students  were  not  in- 
structed in  agriculture  outside  of  the  school  room."  They  knew 
from  observations  that  agriculture  and  mechanics  were  virtually 
ignored,  and  that  nothing  would  be  done  to  assign  them  a  prop- 
er status  in  the  curriculum  of  the  institution,  unless  legislation 
compelled  it.  These  were  the  reasons  which  caused  this  com- 
plaint by  the  people. 

The  attempt  to  ridicule  this  demand  of  the  people  in  the  edi- 
torial pages  of  a  recent  number  of  the  Atlantic  Monthly,  is  not 
the  least  objectionai  feature  in  an  article  whose  distinguishing 
qualities  are  ingenuity  of  misrepresentation,  and  utter  barren- 
ness of  fact.  The  very  memorial,  tliere  so  flippantly  character- 
ized, came  near  destroying  the  University.  Neither  the  President 
or  the  Board  of  Regents  replied  to  the  legislative  demand  for 
information,  which  followed  the  memorial  with  lightness,  or  in 
a  tone  of  assumed  superiority.  It  required  all  their  adroitness 
to  gloss  over,  cover  up  and  conceal  the  charges  arrayed  in  the 
bold  and  manly  indictment  of  the  people.  And  to  prove  that 
they  did  not,  as  is  intimated  in  the  Atlantic  article,  originate  in 


THE  NEW  EDTCATION,  87 

any  capricious  desire  oi'  "  the  uninformed,  who  wanted  a  good 
thing,"  or  in  "  popular  clamor,"  but  in  the  most  substantial 
causes  for  complaint,  we  have  only  to  refer  to  a  few  of  the  de- 
velopements  they  occasioned. 

It  is  only  necessary  in  this  connection  to  refer  to  the  reply  of 
the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  to  inquiries  by  the  Board  of  Re- 
gents as  to  the  need  and  feasibilities  of  the  institution,  which  is 
published  with  the  statement  of  the  board  made  in  reply  to  the 
qustions  of  the  Legislature.     He  says  : 

"  What  I  regard  as  feasible,  and  imperatively  necessary,  is  first  the  adoption 
of  a  plan  of  operations  for  the  practical  development  of  the  department. 

That  an  annual  appropriation  of  $500  be  made  for  the  purchase  of  aeeds,  etc. 
of  our  indigenous  vegetation,  for  home  use,  exchanges,  etc. 

That  an  annual  appropriation  of  f  fiOO  be  made  for  the  purchase  and  introduc- 
tion of  fruit  trees  not  existing  in  this  State. 

That  a  green  house  and  u,  small  porpagating  house  be  erected.  That  a  compe- 
tent gardener  be  appointed.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Professor  of  Agri- 
culture to  superintend  these  operations,  etc. 

To  this  I  would  add,  I  consider  important  not  to  lose  another  season  of  growth, 
and  that  the  labor  of  students  be  utilized  with  a  view  to  confer  skill  in  the  pur- 
suits of  Agriculture  and  Horticulture. 

2.  The  employment  of  experts  in  special  culture,  as  the  vine,  silk,  fish,  in 
veterinary  science,  agricultural  entomology,  and  the  mechanics  of  agriculture, 
to  give  from  ioiw  to  fifteen  lectures  annually  on  each  of  the  above  specialties. 

3.  The  holding  at  the  University  of  an  annual  farmers'  institute,  for  the  dis- 
cussions and  comparisons  of  views  and  methods,  as  has  been  done  at  other  agri- 
cultural colleges,  (especially  Illinois  ;  see  State  reports.)" 

Now  it  is  certain,  that  when  this  letter  was  written  (Feb.  26, 
1874,)  our  University  was  in  need  of  all  the  aids  to  agricultu- 
ral instruction  mentioned  in  it,  and  yet  these  are  among  the 
very  first  auxiliaries  to  instruction  provided  by  other  institu- 
tions. Indeed  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  has  been  soliciting 
the  Board  of  Regents  for  them,  for  the  past  four  years,  all  of 
which  period  he  has  been  lecturing  and  striving  with  such  slen- 
der means  as  the  Board  allowed,  to  give  instruction  in  agricul- 
ture. 

The  memorial,  among  much  other  matter;  called  forth  this 
letter,  which  tells  its  own  story  of  our  Agricultural  College  for 
the  past  six  years.  Was  there  not  cause  for  "  popular  clamor  ?" 
And  does  it  not  prove,  that  while  farmers  and  mechanics  are 
duly  observant  of  their  own  rights,  they  will  not  be  satisfied 
with  anything  less  than  a  thorough  institution. 

No  greater  or  more  important  object  was  contemplated  in  the 
establishment  of  these  institutions,  than  that  of  educating  and 
qualifying  teachers  in  mechanics  and  agriculture.  A  demand 
for  instruction  in  these  pursuits  would  be  a  natural  outgrowth 
of  the  system.  As  this  increased,  the  College  as  an  advanced 
educator,  would  become  as  indispensable  as  the  normal  school 


88  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

in  the  preparation  of  teachers  for  our  common  schools.  The 
instructor  in  these  sciences  would  rank  with  other  men  of  learn- 
ing. The  young  man  who  made  choice  of  this  occupation  would 
meet  with  hundreds  of  subjects  in  the  wide  field  afforded  hira 
for  exj^eriment  and  investigation,  full  of  much  ne<?ded  practical 
information.  The  opportunities  for  authorship  upon  new  appli- 
cations of  science  would  be  illimitable,  and  each  improvement 
of  them  would  probably  prove  a  benefaction  to  the  world.  Brief 
as  has  been  the  existence  of  these  institutions,  they  have  al- 
ready demonstrated  their  tendency  to  an  efficiency  in  this  kind 
of  culture.  But  these  labors  have  been  the  result  of  faithful, 
persistent  experiment  in  the  field  and  in  the  laboratory.  In  so 
vast  a  field  as  that  of  agriculture,  where  millions  are  involved 
in  the  success  or  failure  of  a  single  product,  a  single  discovery 
will  oftimes  prove  of  more  value  than  the  entire  endowment  of 
the  institution  credited  with  making  it. 

President  White  of  Cornell  University,  sjjeaking  of  the  "  fit- 
ting up  an  establishment  for  experiments  in  the  best  rotation  of 
crops  and  in  the  feeding  of  cattle,"  says  that  the  Hon.  Greorge 
Geddes,  whose  jugment  in  such  matters  is  beyond  dispute,  said 
in  allusion  to  it : 

' '  This  experiment  fairly  tried  will  be  worth  to  the  State  of  New  York  more 
than  your  whole  endowment,  no  matter  which  way  it  turns  out — no  matter 
whether  soiling  is  found  profitable  or  unprofitable." 

The  same  compliment  has  been  paid  to  the  Massachusetts 
Agricultural  College  by  no  less  an  educator  than  Professor  Ag- 
assiz,  who  declared  that  the  production  of  the  single  paper  on 
the  circulation  of  sap  in  the  sugar  maple  and  other  species  of 
trees,  "  was  an  ample  return  for  all  that  had  been  expended  on 
the  College." 

No  State  in  the  union  possesses  greater  or  more  numerous  in- 
terests than  ours,  to  be  benefited  by  valuable  discoveries  in  va- 
rious kinds  of  culture — in  farming  implements — in  agricultural 
manufactures,  and  in  the  selection  and  improvement  of  stock. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  its  varied  opportunities  to  profit  by 
improvements  in  mining  and  operative  mechanics.  If  our  Uni- 
versity could  furnish  a  teacher  a  year  competent  to  give  techni- 
cal instruction  in  these  branches,  the  benefit  of  the  industrial 
and  agricultural  classes  derivable  from  his  labors  would  be  in- 
calculable. Reflect  for  a  moment  upon  the  vast  yield  even  now 
of  our  fields  and  mines,  and  then  contemplate  if  you  can,  their 
probable  increase  within  the  next  quarter  of  a  century.  Is  it 
not  worth  all  that  we  can  do,  both  with  the  governmental  bounty 
and  the  products  of  voluntary  munificence  to  make  our  Colleges 
equal  to  the  demand  of  this  immense  theatre  for  a  display  of 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  89 

their  capabililties  ?  Shall  they  fail  for  the  want  of  any  appilance 
either  of  science  or  illustration  in  giving  value  to  any  exi)eri- 
ments  which  may  enhance  the  interests  of  the  State  ? 

In  enumerating  the  various  objects  sought  by  the  new  system, 
that  of  furnishing  our  young  men  whose  tastes  incline  thum  to 
adopt  agriculture  or  mechanics  as  a  pursuit,  with  the  means  of 
liberal  and  special  culture  is  very  jTominent.  How  many,  fitted 
by  nature  to  adorn  these  occupations,  nave  frittered  away  their 
lives  in  those  of  less  congenial  character  for  want  of  the  ])roi)er 
aids  to  developement,  or  because  of  some  supposed  inferiority  of 
condition  incident  to  an  industrial  life.  All  such,  and  there  arc 
thousands  in  every  commonwealth,  can  now  indulge  their  predi- 
lections without  sacrificing  their  ambition.  They  are  the  men 
who  make  the  best  farmers  and  mechanics  who  fail  in  profess- 
ional life,  and  in  the  walks  prescribed  by  what  is  termiid  j^ci^ 
excellence,  the  "  higher  education."  Unfitted  by  inclination  for 
classical  pursuits,  and  still  ambitious  of  renown,  now  that  the 
way  is  open,  they  will  leave  for  others  better  qualified  the  devi- 
ous paths  of  politics,  journalism  and  the  learned  professions,  to 
climb  by  a  more  harmonious  route  the  mount  of  immortality. 
And  for  this  great  multitude  which  is  to  sup])ly  the  nation  with 
its  future  artists,  mechanics,  engineers  and  farmers,  the  way 
should  be  made  as  plain  and  easy  as  possible.  They  will  need 
-  all  that  applied  science  can  do  to  fit  them  for  life  work.  If  to 
make  the  perfect  scholar,  the  eminent  divine,  the  adroit  lawyer, 
the  great  statesman,  a  large  foreground  of  ancient  and  modern 
culture  is  indispensable,  so  is  it  equally  urgent  that  to  ])roduce 
men  similarly  equipped  for  industrial  renown,  they  should  have 
an  education  which  unites  with  liberal  knowledge  the  most  thor- 
ough training  in  their  chosen  ])ursuits.  The  eye,  the  ear,  tlie 
hand,  the  muscle,  must  each  obey  the  creative  dictates  of  the 
brain. 

Is  it  claiming  too  much  for  this  new  system,  to  say  that  in  its 
future  growth  and  developement  it  may  afford  a  more  j)ractical 
solution  of  the  question,  what  shall  we  do  with  our  boys  ?  than 
any  plan  yet  submitted  to  the  public.  The  best  use  we  can 
make  of  a  young  man  is  to  educate  him.  As  a  general  rule  ed- 
ucation overcomes  depravity.  That  class  of  population  which 
we  call  "our  boys,"  is  idle,  vicious,  and  growing  up  in  crime, 
because  it  has  no  reputable  means  of  support.  As  noble  minds, 
as  generuos  hearts,  as  ambitious  hopes,  as  pure  and  lofty  aims, 
animate  these  boys  as  any  other  class,  if  they  can  only  be  jiro- 
vided  Nvith  means  for  their  developement.  Afi:ord  them  the  op- 
portunity for  culture,  and  tell  them  what  it  will  do  for   them, 


90  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

and  how  many  of  them  will  refuse  to  avail  themselves  of  it  ? 
It  will  require  money  to  accomplish  such  an  object,  but  to  what 
better  use  can  money  be  applied  H  Is  it  not  better  in  every 
point  of  view  to  pay  for  the  cultivation  of  "  our  boys,"  than  to 
pay  for  their  prosecution  ?  Is  not  such  culture  as  they  can  ob- 
tain from  the  new  system  of  education,  to  be  preferred  to  for- 
cing them  into  service  as  seamen  ?  Give  to  this  new  education 
all  the  scope  it  require  for  a  perfect  developement,  and  educa- 
tion will  become  as  much  an  obligation  in  this  government  as  it 
is  in  Prussia.  When  that  day  arrives,  California  will  cease  to 
ask  :  what  shall  we  do  with  our  boys  ?  The  remarkable  imita- 
tive faculty  of  the  Chinese  gives  them  a  great  advantage  over 
our  own  laborers  in  obtaining  emplopment.  This  would  not  be 
the  case  in  Prussia  or  the  German  States,  where  the  use  of  tools 
is  taught  as  part  of  the  ordinar}^  system  of  instruction.  The 
new  education  will  not  be  confined  to  colleges  any  longer  than 
is  necessary  to  open  the  eyes  of  the  thinking  masses  to  the  im- 
portance of  its  introduction  in  the  elementary  schools.  Dr. 
Huxley  truthfully  says  : 

"At  present,  education  is  almost  entirely  devoted  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
power  of  expression,  and  of  the  sense  of  literary  beauty.  The  matter  of  having 
anything  to  say  beyond  a  hash  of  other  people's  opinions;  or  of  possessing  any 
criterion  of  beauty  so  that  we  may  distinguish  between  the  godlike  and  the 
devilish,  is  left  aside  as  of  no  moment.  I  think  I  do  not  err  in  saying  that  if 
science  were  made  the  foundation  of  education,  instead  of  being  at  most  stuck  on 
the  cornice  to  the  edifice,  this  state  of  things  could  not  exist." 

The  same  writer  advocates  the  instruction  of  physical  science  as  a  leading  el- 
ment  of  education  in  "  those  primary  schools,  in  which  the  children  of  the  poor 
are  expected  to  turn  to  the  best  account  the  little  time  they  can  devote  to  the  ac- 
quisition of  knowledge." 

"  What  I  mean  is,"  he  says,  "  that  no  boy  or  girl  should  leave  school  without 
possessing  a  grasp  of  the  general  character  of  science,  and  without  having  been 
disciplined  more  or  less  in  the  methods  of  all  sciences  ;  so  that  when  turned  into 
the  world  to  make  their  own  way.  they  shall  be  prepared  to  face  scientific  prob- 
lems, not  by  knowing  at  once  the  conditions  of  every  problem,  or  by  being  able 
at  once  to  solve  it ;  but  by  being  familiar  with  the  general  current  of  scientific 
thought,  and  by  being  able  to  apply  the  methods  of  science  in  the  proper  way 
when  they  have  acfjuainted  themselves  with  the  special  problem." 

Can  we  not  see  that  this  course  of  instruction  when  pursued 
under  a  compulsory  law,  must  produce  a  more  efficient  and  self 
reliant  people  than  any  now  adopted  ?  Such  a  system  for  all 
our  schools  will  sooner  or  later  be  evolved  as  a  natural  and 
necessary  result  of  the  success  of  our  Agricultural  and  Mechan- 
ical Colleges. 

Is  the  scheme  adopted  and  published  of  our  University  cal- 
culated to  accomplish  any  of  the  objects  sought  by  the  new 
system  ?  We  have  before  us  the  register  of  the  University,  the 
statements  of  the  Regents  to  the  joint  committee  of  the  Legis- 
lature, and  the  address  of  President  Gilman  before  the   Legisla- 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  01 

ture.  These  are  supposed  to  contain  the  views  of  the  officers 
of  the  University  relating  to  the  agricultural  and  mechanical 
college,  and  the  methods  of  instruction  in  those  particular  branch- 
es. If  we  are  to  interpret  the  register  by  the  statements  of  the 
Kegents  and  the  address  of  the  President,  we  shall  learn  that 
there  is  in  fact  but  one  Professor  in  each  of  the  special  branches 
— and  that  the  other  instruction  })urporting  to  be  given  by  the 
special  colleges  is  the  same  in  all,  and  in  no  degree  differs  from 
the  course  of  instruction  of  those  colleges  which  have  no  spe- 
cial courses.  In  other  words,  all  that  a  special  student  in  agri- 
culture or  mechanics  learns  from  other  professors,  than  the  two 
charged  with  those  specialities,  he  could  learn  at  Yale  or  B(jw- 
doin,  or  any  other  University  which  has  no  agricultural  or  me- 
chanical department.  These  two  colleges  therefore,  have  one 
Porfessor  each  and  no  more.  In  all  other  respects  the  Univer- 
sity of  California  is  simply  a  college  of  letters.  Neither  agri- 
culture or  mechanics  can  be  considered  the  "  leading  object  "  of 
the  institution,  unless  it  can  be  made  to  appear  that  all  the 
English  branches  ordinarily  taught  in  our  colleges  relate  to  these 
pursuits.  The  register  is  deceptive,  and  without  exj)lanation, 
would  convey  the  impression  that  both  the  Agricultural  and 
Mechnical  Colleges  were  supj)lied  with  a  separate  faculty,  and 
pursued  such  courses  of  instruction  as  were  generally  adopted 
by  other  scientific  institutions. 

Very  little  has  yet  been  done  either  in  the  agricultural  or  me- 
chanical department  of  the  University,  still,  if  there  were  any 
promise  of  completness  in  the  future,  this  might  not  be  the 
proper  time  to  complain  of  the  past.  But  if  every  ])romise  for 
the  future  were  fulfilled,  the  institution  would  be  deficient  in 
those  ample  means  and  forms  of  instruction  so  generally  adopt- 
elsewhere.  Both  the  President  and  the  Board  of  Regents  seem 
to  realize  that  some  sort  of  apology  is  necessary  to  the  public 
as  well  for  past  deficiencies,  as  for  the  future  shape  they  intend 
to  give  to  agricultural  and  mechanical  instruction. 

"If  "  savs  the  President,  "careful  inquiry  should  .-ihow  that  under  the  most 
favorable  circumstances  (such  as  large  funds,  line  farms,  capital  teachars,  and 
practical  co-operators,)  the  friends  of  agricultural  eduaition  in  (icrmany  and  in 
France,  in  Ni^w  England  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley,  were  dii^appointetl ;  and 
that  men  as  eager  as  any  of  you  to  promote  the  prognss  of  aurruiilttir?^.  have 
abandoned  many  of 'the  hopes  they  held  and  the  plans  they  tried  here  within  the 
last  few  years,  and  are  now  seeking  by  other  metho^ls  to  rea.h  the  same  result, 
would  it  not  be  wise  for  California  to  avail  herself  of  this  experience.  ?" 

"Would  it  not  be  well  before  determining  to  make  any  radical  .hango  in  the 
organization  of  the  University,  or  increasing  any  extraorJinary  expiUBivs,  to 
ascertain  the  lessons  of  experience  elsewhere?" 

In  the  illustration  of  his  meaning,  the  President  cites  the  in- 


92  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

stances  of  one  French  and  one  German  Agricultural  College, 
having  changed  their  locations  from  country  to  city,  in  order  t» 
obtain  for  their  students  the  benefit  of  the  libraries,  museums 
and  courses  of  instruction  of  other  institutions,  and  of  there 
having  been  but  seven  students  in  agriculture  among  four  hun- 
dred and  sixty-one  in  attendance  upon  the  Cornell  University, 
and  three  in  the  Bussey  Institution  the  past  year. 

It  is  quite  clear  tliat  so  much  of  this  illustration  as  relates  t» 
the  change  of  location  in  the  Colleges  alluded  to,  can  have  no 
reference  to  our  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges.  They 
are  part  of  a  University.  They  have  or  are  supposed  to  have 
all  the  benefits  of  the  highest  culture.  The  students  can  attend 
all  the  lectures,  have  access  to  the  museums  and  libraries,  and 
other  courses  of  instruction  so  far  as  necessary  to  facilitate  their 
progress  in  the  special  branches. 

As  to  the  other  point,  that  so  few  students  attend  the  Agri- 
cultural Colleges,  it  has  been  fully  answered  by  Dr.  White,  the 
President  of  Cornell  University.     He  says : 

"That  the  number  i8  at  present  very  small,  but  I  presume  that  no  thougtful 
man  expected  that  so  early  a  period  after  the  establishment ,  the  number  would  be 
very  large,  nor,  indeed  do  I  expect  that  for  some  years  to  come  the  number  will 
greatly  increase.  In  a  new  country  like  ours,  those  professions  which  present 
the  most  brilliant  returns  will  be  sought  for  first." 


"There  are  those  who  are  now  living  amongst  us,  who  will  stand  among  a 
hundred  millions  of  citizens  within  the  boundaries  of  this  Republic.  When  that 
day  comes — nay,  long  before — the  present  condition  of  things  must  change. 
The  present  system  of  routine  cultivation,  this  present  system  of  *  skinning ' 
lands  and  then  running  away  to  soils  more  fruitful,  for  the  intention  of  robbing 
and  running  away  from  them  in  turn,  cannot  last.  Men  must  get  a  subsistence 
on  less  and  less  land ;  and  they  can  only  get  it  by  bringing  to  bear  upon  i1  better 
cultivation." 


"  But  suppose  that  no  young  men  came  forward  to  take  agricultural  studides, 
the  new  education  would  still  tell  powerfully  on  agriculture.  Think  you  that 
we  can  send  out  year  after  year,  as  we  did  last  year,  a  hundred  graduates  from 
all  our  various  departments,  whose  powers  of  observation  have  been  trained  and 
whose  real  knowledge  of  subjects  bearing  on  agriculture  has  bean  extended  by 
close  study  in  Botany,  Animal  Physiology,  Geology  and  Chemistry,  w  ithout  it« 
telling  ultimately  on  the  progress  of  agriculture  ?"' 

Here  is  the  reply  of  one  President  to  an  objection  made  by 
another.  We  leave  to  our  readers  to  decide  which  has  the  bet- 
ter of  the  argument. 

With  this  reply  we  might  take  leave  to  President  Grilman's 
objections,  but  his  omission  to   give  credit  to  the  large  number 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  93 

of  these  institutions,  both  in  Europe  and  America,  that  have 
been  successful,  exposes  his  argument  to  the  charge  of  insincer- 
ity. It  is  in  part  no  objection  to  the  system,  nor  does  it  sup- 
port in  the  smallest  degree  the  suppositious  proposition  that  the 
"  friends  of  agricultural  education  "  have  anywhere  "  abandon- 
ed many  of  the  hopes  they  have  held  and  the  plans  tney  have 
tried  within  the  last  few  years,  and  are  now  seeking  by  other 
methods  to  reach  the  same  result."  On  the  contrary  it  is  con- 
clusive of  the  fact  that  they  are  everywhere  engaged  in  perfect- 
ing the  system  with  which  they  have  commenced.  No  system 
of  education  ever  introduced,  encountered  fewer  difficulties  in 
its  methods,  and  none  in  so  brief  a  period,  where  experiments 
have  been  honestly  made,  has  been  rewarded  with  more  encour- 
aging results. 

The  objection  of  President  Gilman  is  poorly  fortified  by  the 
Board  of  Kegents.  They  mistake  the  people  as  much  as  they 
mistake  their  own  duties  in  the  following  unsatisfactory  and  ar- 
rogant announcement . 

"  They  have  been  minutely  informed  of  the  difficulties  encountered  elsewhere 
in  the  solution  of  this  problem,  of  the  disappoioutments  and  changes  which  have 
occurred  in  other  well  known  institutions,  and  of  the  local  complain ta  which 
have  been  uttered  respecting  the  very  Colleges  and  Unirersitiea  whoue  example 
they  are  urged  to  follow." 

Do  they  tell  the  people  of  what  these  "  disappointsraents  and 
changes  "  and  "  local  complaints  "  consist  ?  Oh  no  !  this  is  what 
they  say : 

*'  They  beg  those  who  are  interested  in  the  problem  to  examine  the  catiilogucs, 
registers,  and  reports  of  other  State  Colleges,  and  not  rest  their  opinions  upon 
vague  and  inaccurate  rumors  of  hostile  criticisms. ' ' 

We  will  not  presume  to  say  what  was  expected  of  this  re- 
quest, but  we  have  complied  with  it  to  the  extent  of  our  power. 
And  we  find  that  in  no  single  instance  have  these  institutions 
encountered  any  difficulties,  or  disappointments,  or  changes  that 
were  impediments  to  their  establishment  or  progress.  All  new 
enterprises  require  great  consideration  in  the  outset.  But  none 
of  these  institutions  have  failed,  though  unlike  each  other  in 
in  some  important  particulars,  where  a  sincere  eflbrt  has  been 
made  to  introduce  them. 

President  White  of  Cornell  University,  speaking  with  refer- 
-  «nce  to  this  feature,  says : 

**  It  may  appear  to  some  that  this  difference  in  modes  of  carrying  out  the  act 
in  the  different  States  was  a  misfortune.  Far  from  it.  I  am  propure<i  to  main- 
tain against  all  comers,  that  of  all  the  good  fortune  which  has  attt-ndcd  the  car- 
rying out  of  the  acts  of  1862,  this  variety  of  plans  and  methods  in  the  various 

States  was  the  best." 

We  should  be  sorry  to  perceive  under  these  objections  of  the 


94  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

President  and  Eegents,  a  covert  hostility  to  any  instruction  in 
agriculture  and  mechanics  inseparable  from  belles  lettres  learn- 
ing. But  with  the  reasoning  of  the  President,  and  the  course 
of  agricultural  instruction  indicated,  we  hardly  know  in  what 
other  light  to  consider  them.  They  certainly  are  favorable  to 
no  course  of  agricultural  instruction  now  in  vogue  in  Europe  or 
America.  In  the  former  country,  where  they  have  had  an  ex- 
perience of  half  a  century  or  more  and  millions  have  been  ex- 
pended on  these  branches  of  education  alone,  where  large  and 
flourishing  institutions  exist  in  great  numbers,  especially  in 
Germany,  it  is  strange  that  there  cannot  be  found  one  college 
after  which  to  mould  a  suitable  institution  for  California. 

Nor  can  we  see  the  wisdom  in  awaiting  the  results  of  greater 
expreience.  If  the  educational  system  of  Hohenheim,  the  roy- 
al industrial  schools  of  Saxony,  the  polytechnic  school  of  Han- 
over, and  the  colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanics  in  nearly 
every  State  in  the  Union  furnish  no  exemplars,  the  whole  sys- 
tem may  be  safely  pronounced  a  failure,  and  the  sooner  we  fall 
back  into  the  old  educational  grooves  and  surrender  all  ideas  of 
imgrovement  the  better. 

But  is  this  the  case.  Mr.  J.  W.  Hoyt,  the  United  States 
Commissioner  to  the  Great  Paris  Exposition,  who  examined  into 
the  cause  of  education  in  both  Europe  and  America,  speaks 
most  encouragingly  of  all  the  Agricultural  and  Polytechnic 
Colleges  of  Europe.  One  nowhere  gleans  from  any  portion  of 
his  critical  and  detailed  analysis  of  them  a  single  idea  to  justify 
the  implied  inadequacy  attributed  to  them  by  President  Gilman. 
He  says  however,  that : 

"  Association  between  scientific  and  literary  departments,  if  upon  terms  of 
equality  and  fraternity,  is  desirable,  but  not  otherwise.  The  friends  of  agricu- 
ture  should  make  sure  therefore  in  effecting  consolidation  with  any  institution  of 
different  character  and  aims,  first  that  the  articles  of  association  are  wisely 
drawn,  and  what  is  no  less  important,  that  the  administration  of  the  new  and 
dual  institution  be  confided  to  men  of  large,  comprehensive  and  impartial  views." 

An  admonition,  which,  if  it  would  make  our  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  College  of  any  efficiency,  our  people  would  do  well 
to  heed  ! 

But  even  President  Gilman  and  the  Board  of  Eegents  are  not 
quite  ready  to  sacrifice  the  colleges  to  their  own  unsupportable 
predictions  of  failure.  The  endowment  of  '62  will  pay  for  a 
show  of  compliance  with  its  requisitions.  The  prospect  of  a 
further  increase  of  their  revenues  of  $30,000  a  year,  is  not  a 
thing  to  be  slighted,  and  if  they  do  not  feel  like  giving  the  peo- 
ple the  benefit  of  thorough  instructions  like  Cornell  University, 
the  Bussy  Institution  or  the  Massachusetts  Agiicultural  College, 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  95 

they  can,  at  least,  give  them  a  semblance  in  those  directions. 
So,  after  declaring  that  Agricultural  Colleges  are  not  exactly 
failures,  the  President  tells  us  what  the  University  should  huve 
in  order  to  complete  its  facilties  for  agricultural  instruction. 
When  summarized,  these  recommendations  consist  as  follows : 

1.  Of  a  Profossor  of  Agriculture,  who  when  he  ifl  provided  with  adequato 
facilitses,  is  free  to  make  experiments,  the  benefitaof  which  may  teach  the  whol* 
State,  while  he  gives  special  inntruction  to  npecial  agrtculturista,  and  general  in- 
struction to  other  students. 

2.  Two  Profeasorships  devoted  on  the  one  hand  to  vegetable  life,  and  on  the 
other  to  animal  life. 

3.  Instruction  in  Natural  Philosophy,  Geology,  Natural  History,  Chomistry, 
analysis  of  soils,  fertilizers  and  products,  political  economy,  lawH  of  cxf.hani^c, 
value  and  price,  the  use  of  the  English  language,  and  as  many  modern  lan- 
guages as  the  student  pleases,  history  and  the  principles  of  civil  rights. 

Nearly  all  the  instructions  in  the  foregoing  paragraj)h  is  in- 
separable from  every  University  curriculum  in  the  country.  Of 
itself,  it  belongs  no  more  to  agriculture  than  to  all  the  other 
branches  of  education,  and  though  necessary,  by  no  means  sup- 
plies the  places  of  special  instruction. 

4.  A  Museum  of  vegetable  products. 

5.  A  Botanical  Garden  with  an  arboretum. 

6.  As  these  enterprises  mature,  practical  instruction  to  be  given  in  the  modes 
of  culture,  and  the  right  treatment  of  plants,  shrubs  and  trees. 

7.  Experiments  all  over  the  State  as  to  the  conditions  of  growth  under  differ- 
ent skies  and  soils,  different  fertilizers,  different  culture. 

With  such  instruction  as  these  facilities  may  afford,  the  Cal- 
ifornia Agricultural  College  expects  to  send  forth  farmers  to 
cultivate  our  great  valleys,  teachers  to  instruct  the  world,  and 
physical  scientists  to  investigate  and  make  discoveries  in  all  the 
processes  of  culture  and  arts  incident  to  farm  life.  The  "  Iiojh^s" 
which  President  Gilman  represents  to  have  been  disappointed  in 
the  institutions  of  Europe,  New  York  and  New  England,  are 
to  be  fully  realized  in  this  course  of  instruction,  and  all  those 
*' objections  and  difficulties  "  which  the  Board  of  Regents  well 
knew,  but  would  not  divulge,  are  to  be  overcome  by  obtaining 
for  it  a  continuance  of  public  favor. 

Compare  this  instruction  with  that  given  by  the  eight  profes- 
sors and  ten  teachers  of  Cornell  University,  who  are  engaged 
in  the  special  instruction  of  agriculture  alone.  That  comj)riscs 
the  following  subjects : 

1.  The  Chemistry  of  Agriculture,  including  the  constituents  and  analytical 
composition  of  soils  and  of  cultivated  plants,  the  constitueuta  and  oheinioal 
agencies  of  the  atmosphere  and  of  water,  and  the  composition  of  manures. 

2.  The  Geology  of  Agriculture,  including  the  formation  or  soils,  their  chem- 
ical, physical,  and  economic  character,  their  suitability  for  different  kinds  of 
crops,  and  the  principal  geological  features  of  various  portions  of  the  Unittxi 
States  as  affecting  the  soil  and  productions. 

3.  The  Phy»ic»  of  Agriculture,  including  meteorology,  or  the  lawa  of  climato, 


96  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

and  light  and  heat  as  influencing  plant  life. 

4.  The  MecJianics  of  Agriculture,  and  their  application  to  the  various  descrip- 
tions of  implements  and  labor  required  on  the  farm. 

5.  The  Botany  of  Agriculture,  including  structural  botany,  vegetable  physi- 
ology, vegetable  pathology,  and  a  knowledge  of  crops  cultivated  for  food  and  for 
technical  purposes. 

6.  The  Zoology  of  Agriculture,  including  the  habits,  diseases,  and  treatment 
of  live  stock,  the  anatomy  of  the  horse,  the  cow,  the  sheep,  and  other  farnx  ani- 
mals, and  all  branches  of  veterinary  surgery  and  medicine,  as  well  as  a  special 
consideration  of  insects  injurious  to  vegetation. 

7.  The  Economics  of  Agriculture,  including  the  sequence  of  agricultural 
operations,  the  economical  divisions  of  labor,  the  rotation  of  crops,  the  imrpove- 
ment  of  the  soil  by  manuring,  draining,  and  liming,  farm  engineering  and  con- 
struction, general  agricultural  policy,  and  the  management  of  landed  property. 

The  University  farm  consists  of  nearly  300  acres.  Produce 
is  raised  upon  it  to  feed  the  cattle.  The  most  improved  breeds 
of  farm  animals  are  kept.  Experiments  are  made  in  rotation  of 
crops,  summer  soiling,  winter  house  feeding  of  cattle — growth 
of  crops  suitable  for  that  purpose,  comparative  merits  of  raised 
and  flat  drill  husbandry  tested — fall  and  spring  plowing  pure — 
breed  and  grade  cattle,  &c. 

In  practical  agriculture,  five  hours  weekly  during  the  senior 
year  are  devoted  to  technical  instruction ;  this  time  being  divi- 
ded between  lectures,  review,  agricultural  calculations,  farm 
accounts  and  outdoor  instruction.  Students  are  required  to 
visit  the  farm  daily  and  take  part  in  the  work,  when  the  Pro- 
fessor in  charge  deems  it  necessary  for  their  insruction. 

Evey  student  is  required  to  spend  at  least  one  vacation  upon 
the  farm,  when,  if  he  chooses  to  take  part  in  the  regular  opera- 
tions, he  will  be  paid  according  to  his  ability  to  work. 

Besides  the  class  room  exercises,  the  student  devotes  as  much 
time  as  can  profitably  be  spared  for  the  purpose,  to  actual  prac- 
tice in  the  botanical,  chemical  and  veterinary  laboratories  and 
in  the  field. 

In  addition  to  this  ill-practical  instruction,  the  student  is 
taught  in  all  the  liberal  branches  of  education,  admitted  to  all 
the  lectures  of  the  University,  the  library,  and  knows  no  dis- 
tinction caste  from  his  fellows  who  are  pursuing  the  classics. 

Yet  this  noble  institution,  if  we  are  to  credit  President  Gil- 
man,  has  disappointed  the  hopes  of  his  founders,  because  the 
number  of  its  students  is  so  small.  And  he  offers  this  as  a  rea- 
son why  our  University  should  await  the  result  of  some  more 
fortunate  experiment.  In  the  meantime  our  agricultural  and 
mechanical  students  are  to  be  fed  upon  such  shreds  and  crumbs 
of  knowledge  as  at  the  smallest  possible  expense  can  supporta 
claim  to  the  increased  but  conditional  endowment  of  Congress. 
For  this  reason  a  pretentious  register  is  published,  and  we  are 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  97 

told  of  teachers  who  have  volunteered  their  services  free  of  ex- 
pense. For  this  reason  exi)erimental  stations  in  ditiVn.'itt  }»arts 
of  the  State  are  to  be  established,  in  lieu  of  jiernianent  and  in- 
creasing facilities  at  the  University,  and  these  we  are  told  "  will 
do  more  to  promote  the  right  princijiles  of  agriculture,  to  in- 
crease the  wealth  and  elevate  the  work  of  the  agriculturist, 
than  it  will  accomplish  by  teaching  a  thousand  boys  to  plow." 
These  stations  are  simple  agencies  of  the  agricultural  schools 
of  Germany,  but  even  in  their  subordinate  capacity,  they  unite 
local  facilities  which  President  Gihnau  fails  to  mention.  Hoyt, 
who  visited  those  connected  with  the  ancient  Univi-rsities  of 
Halle,  Jena  and  Gottingen,  says  the  experimental  station — 

"  consists  of  a  few  acres  of  land — twelve  to  twenty — divided  into  small  plats 
for  purely  experimental  purposes,  in  the  midst  of,  or  in  the  immediate  connec- 
tion with  which  there  is  a  chemical  and  physical  Lib  oratory,  and  not  unfr«?<}uent- 
ly  such  accommodations  for  domestic  animals,  and  such  general  facilities  for 
physiological  investigation  as  are  suggested  by  the  problems  of  breeding,  ordi- 
nary feed.ng,  fattening,  &c." 

He  s.iya,  "  thej'  are  destined  not  only  to  go  hand  in  hand  with  the  agricultu- 
ral .schools,  but  to  be  established  in  many  cases  independently,  and  where  it  is 
neither  practicable  or  needful  to  establish  a  school." 

Even  with  all  these  facilities,  with  laboratories,  and  domestic 
animals  to  make  the  experiment  certain,  Hoyt  says,  "  they  can- 
not settle  all  the  questions  that  must  arise,  since  many  of  thera 
are  limited  in  scope  by  circumstances  of  locality,  and  can  only 
be  determined  on  the  very  spot  where  they  arise." 

But  these  are  not  the  kind  of  stations  described  by  President 
Gilman.  Those  have  no  laboratories  or  domestic  animal-^,  and 
make  no  provision  for  the  problems  of  breeding,  ordinary  feed- 
ing, fattening,  &c.  They  are  sim])ly  "experiments  as  to  the 
conditions  of  growth  under  different  skies  and  soils,  different 
fertilizers,  different  culture."  All  well  enough  as  far  as  it  goes, 
but  wanting  in  the  thoroughness  of  scientific  instruction,  and 
exactly  of  a  piece  with  the  remainder  of  the  patchwork  system 
recommended  by  the  President. 

Such  stations  as  those  of  Europe  established  thoroughout  Cal- 
ifornia, would  far  exceed  in  expense  the  fullest  possible  equip- 
ment of  the  University,  and  after  all  was  completed,  and  they 
were  in  successful  operation,  they  would  only  be  "agencies  in 
the  great  work  of  agricultural  education.  All  the  other  ajipli- 
ances  would  be  just  as  needful  with  as  without  them. 

The  merit  of  President  Gilman 's  stations  would  be  that  they 
would  "require  very  little  land,  and  very  little  outlay,"  and  we 
might  add,  that  in  the  form  which  we  give  them,  they  would 
accomplish  very  little  good.  In  any  event,  they  would  certain- 
ly prove  miserable   substitutes  for  *  that    thought  practical  and 


98  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

scientific  knowledge  which  a  student  would  acquire  either  at 
Cornell,  Bnssy  or  the  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 
They  might,  as  the  President  remarks,  do  more  for  agriculture 
than  the  science  could  derive  from  "teaching  a  thousand  boys  to 
plow."  And  yet  plowing  has  been  thought  enough  of  at  Cor- 
nell to  justify  the  importation  oi  ^^Baiv  plows"  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  students.  The  subject  can  hardly  be  disposed  of  by 
a  sneer. 

Our  Board  of  Regents  inform  us  that  the  College  of  Agricul- 
ture, which  was  the  first  established  among  the  Colleges  of  arts, 
"has  been  steadily  maintained  from  its  commencement  with  no 
diminution  of  its  curriculum,  but  with  increased  advantages." 
How  have  its  advantages  been  increased  ?  At  a  meeting  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  in  July,  1872,  Mr.  Bolander,  the  chairman  of 
a  special  committee  to  report  on  the  expedience  of  establishing 
an  experimental  garden,  put  the  following  questions  to  the 
Board : 

"Shall  we  not  test  the  technological  value  of  our  native  vegetable  products? 
Have  we  studied  our  various  kinds  of  timber  as  to  strength  and  durability? 
HaYe  we  studied  our  native  vegetations,  as  to  the  fibres,  resins,  gums,  dyes,  pa- 
per materials,  drugs,  oils,  etc.,  it  may  contain?  Do  we  know  as  yet  any  chemi- 
cal educts  of  our  plants?  Do  we  know  the  yield  in  potash  by  our  native  grega- 
rious plants?  Have  we  examined  into  the  yield  of  the  iodine  and  bromine  of  our 
immense  masses  of  sea  weeds?  Have  we  made  any  toxioological  researches  of 
plants  so  injurious  to  stock  ? 

These  are  questions  in  Chemistry,  a  branch  which  it  is  claim- 
ed the  institution  is  prepared  to  teach.  No  excuse  can  be  offer- 
ed for  neglecting  it,  yet  these  questions  would  not  have  been 
asked  by  one  of  the  Regents,  if  the  subjects  to  which  they  refer 
had  ever  received  attention — subjects  which  would  naturally  be 
among  the  first  exercises  of  a  class  in  chemical  agriculture. 

Mr.  Bolander  then  proceeds  to  recommend  that  the  Board  of 
Regents  "locate  immediately  such  portions  of  the  University 
domain  as  are  to  be  devoted  to  Agriculture  and  Horticulture, 
and  cause  the  same  to  be  accurately  surveyed  and  mapped. 

1.  For  an  orchard  specimen  fruits  of  all  kinds  likely  to  be  successfully  and 
profitably  raised  in  some  portion  of  this  State,  at  least  five  acres. 

2.  For  vineyard,  mulberry,  textile  and  oil  producing  plauts,  four  acres. 

3.  For  culinary  vegetables    and  small  fruits,  two  acres. 

4.  For  the  cultivation  of  all  kinds  of  useful  fruits  and  shade  trees,  ten  acres. 

5.  For  the  cultivation  of  indigenous  and  foreign  and  medicinal  plants,  one 
acre. 

6.  For  the  cultivation  of  all  our  native  arborescent  plants ,  to  serve  as  a  prac- 
tical introductin  to  the  study  of  Botany  for  the  students,  three  acres." 

He  then  recommends  further: 

T.  "That  an  annual  appropriation  of  ifoOO  be  made  for  the  purchase  of  all  kinds 
of  seeds  of  our  indigenous  vegetation.  These  seeds  shall  be  used  for  exchanges 
with  foreign  institutions  of  a  similar  nature. 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  99 

2.  That  an  annual  appropriation  of  $500  be  made  for  the  purchase  and  intr^ 
duction  of  ftuit  trees  not  existing  in  this  State. 

3.  That  an  industrial  museum  be  established  with  a  phyto-chemical  laborato- 
ry to  test  the  usefulness  of  plants. 

4.  That  a  greenhouse  and  a  small  propagating  house  be  erected. 

5.  That  a  competent  and  a  scientific  ganiener  be  employed  to  lay  out  tht< 
grounds,  and  take  charge  of  the  entire  work. 

6.  That  the  preservation,  drying  and  packing  of  all  kinds  of  fruit  be  made  a 
special  subject  of  investigation. 

7.  That  vinegar  and  wine  making,  silk  culture  distillation  of  volatile  oil,  and 
paper  making  be  taught  in  connection  with  agriculture  and  horticulture. 

8.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  to  superintend  all 
operations  connected  with  the  experimental  gardens,  to  opeu  corrcspondt-nfe  with 
acclimatization  societies  and  institutions  of  like  purpose  in  foreign  countric.--,  :ind 
to  report  annually  to  the  Board  of  Regents  on  the  progress  and  conditions  of  the 
garden.     These  reports  shall  be  published  at  once  and  distributed  at  large. 

9.  That  the  students  be  allowed  to  work  a  certain  length  of  time  during  the 
day,  and  be  compensated  therefor. 

10.  That  the  surplus  of  plants  raised  be  distributed  throughout  the  State,  to 
such  farmers  and  persons  who  are  willing  to  plant  the  same,  and  to  report  an- 
nually on  their  condition. 

11.  That  regular  daily  observations  be  made  on  climatic  changes." 

These  recommendations  were  made  four  years  after  the  estab- 
lishment of  the  Agricultural  College.  A  glance  at  the  reports 
made  by  other  agricultural  colleges,  as  published  in  the  re|)ort 
of  the  department  of  agriculture,  will  show  that  not  one  of  them 
was  unsupplied  with  many — some  with  all  these  aids  and  forms 
of  instruction  before  the  close  of  the  third  year  of  their  exist- 
ence. What  kind  of  an  Agricutural  College  must  that  be, 
which,  at  the  close  of  four  years  has  made  no  chemical  exami- 
nation of  our  timbers  and  native  vegetation — that  is  unsupplied 
with  seeds — has  made  no  provision  for  fruit  trees — has  no  green 
house — ^no  propagating  house — no  industrial  museum — no  gar- 
dens or  gardeners,  to  say  nothing  of  the  absence  of  a  farm  and 
stock  and  all  facilties  for  manual  labor  and  practical  illustratra- 
tion;  that  in  fact  has  never  caused  a  survey  to  be  made  of  its 
agricultural  domain?  How  much  of  a  "diminution  of  its  cur- 
riculum'' could  be  made,  and  have  it  retain  the  name  of  a  col- 
lege of  agriculture?  How  long  can  its  avowed  curriculum  be 
pursued  without  disclosing  to  the  world  the  hollowness  of  its 
pretensions  ? 

How  did  the  Board  dispose  of  these  recommendations  of  Mr. 
Bolander  ?  They  laid  them  temporarily  on  the  tjible  two  years 
ago,  and  they  have  never  been  heard  of  since  ;  but  within  the 
past  three  months,  since  the  legislative  investigation,  and  since 
it  became  known  that  government  contemplated  an  examination 
and  a  further  conditional  endowment,  they  havi>  ad^)pted  throe 
or  four  of  the  least  important  of  these  reconnnendations,  and 
employed  a  gardener.     But  where  is  the  experimental  garden — 


100  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

where  the  farm — where  the  stock — where  the  great  practical  lab- 
oratories which  are  to  illustrate  the  teachings  of  the  class  room  ? 

Have  all  these  improvements  which  it  seems  at  one  time  were 
contemplated,  been  dispensed  with  on  the  recommendation  of 
the  new  President  ?  Are  these  among  the  "  difficulties,  disap- 
pointments and  changes  which  have  occun-ed  in  other  well 
known  institutions,"  of  which  the  Board  of  Kegents  has  been 
"  minutely  informed  ?"  Is  their  absence  to  be  supplied  by  those 
"  other  methods  to  reach  the  same  result,"  so  oracularly  alluded 
to  by  the  President  ?  Does  the  present  course  and  scope  of  in- 
struction, as  published  by  the  President  and  Regents,  embrace 
those  other  methods  ? 

The  Board  of  Regents  have  adopted  for  the  development  of 
the  grounds  of  the  University,  the  plan  of  W.  H.  Hal),  Esq. 
Mr.  Hall's  report  accompanies  the  "statements'"  made  by  the 
board  to  the  Legislature.  It  is  simply  the  plan  of  a  landscape 
and  ornamental  gardener.  Convenience,  utility,  use,  economy, 
even  the  land  and  soil  are  subordinated  to  the  single  element  of 
landscape  effect.     Mr.  Hall  says  : 

"Though  the  principles  of  landscape  composition  should  govern  in  a  great 
measure  the  arrangement  of  these  grounds,  the  fact  that  the  institution  is  one  oi 
learning  should  be  held  in  view  in  the  development  of  every  portion  of  the  lands, 
but  the  entire  conversion  of  this  beautiful  site  into  a  school  of  practical  horticul- 
ture and  agricultiire  would  be  a  needless  act  of  vandalism.  I  would  therefore 
establish  a  series  of  botanical  studies,  grounds  for  economic  botany,  the  culture 
of  fruits,  berries,  and  farm  produce;  a  forestry,  an  arboretum  and  other  instruc- 
tive features,  some  of  which  are  indicated,  stocked  with  a  variety  of  trees  and 
shrubs;  but  I  would  make  their  arrangement  subservient  to  principles  govern- 
ing the  effect  of  the  whole,  and  not  a  mere  carrying  out  of  botanical  classifica- 
tion." 

Governed  by  these  views,  Mr.  Hall  has  devised  a  very  beauti- 
ful plan  for  the  improvement  of  the  University  grounds.  If 
the  institution  were  simply  a  college  of  letters,  nothing  would 
be  more  suitable,  but  when  we  consider  that  it  is  impossible  to 
establish  an  agricultural  and  mechanical  college  here,  conform- 
able to  the  advanced  views  of  leading  educators  in  those  sciences, 
without  at  least  one  farm,  without  vineyards  and  graperies,  and 
barns,  and  workshojjS,  and  accommodations  for  stock  of  different 
kinds,  this  elaborate  ornamentation  strikes  us  as  being  entirely 
out  of  place.  The  student's  taste  for  esthetics  will  be  improved 
at  the  expense  of  his  taste  for  the  more*  useful  studies.  And 
when  the  time  comes,  as  it  surely  must,  that  some  or  alFbf  the 
conveniences  we  have  mentioned  are  needed,  this  beautiful  park 
will  necessarily  be  disfigured  by  structures  built  more  for  use 
than  beauty.  A  plan  uniting  utility  with  ornament,  in  which 
the  former  should  2)redominate,  would  much  better  compass  the 


THE  NKW  EDITATION,  101 

"  leading  "  interest  of  the  institution.  As  the  President  says  of 
the  site,  it  looks  directly  toward  the  Bay,  to  the  Golden  Gate, 
and  to  the  Farallonc  Islands  beyond;  one  of  the  most  beautiful 
sites  adapted  to  college  instruction." 

This  grand  view  itself  can  compensate  for  the  absence  of 
many  of  the  lesser  landsca])e  beauties  with  which  Mr.  Hall  pro- 
poses to  adorn  the  spot.  The  substantial  yoeinanry  of  Califor- 
nia, who  have  prehaps  greater  interests  in  the  success  of  the 
institution  than  any  other  class,  would  be  better  satisfied  to  see 
it  supplied  with  means  for  ample  instruction,  than  mere  land- 
scape ornamentation. 

But  this  improvement  is  strikingly  in  harmony  with  the  sys- 
tem of  agricultural  instruction  recommended  by  the  President 
and  Board.  As  that  does  not  contemplate  instruction  in  })low- 
ing  and  working  upon  the  farm,  so  this  makes  no  provisions  for 
one.  As  that  does  not  include  the  use  of  domestic  animals  and 
instruction  in  the  selection  and  raising  of  stock,  so  this  leaves 
out  of  view  the  construction  of  proper  buildings  for  their  accom- 
modation. As  that  proposes  to  send  its  mechanical  students  to 
San  Francisco  workshops,  and  the  public  works  in  the  bay  for 
practical  instruction,  so  this  has  reserved  no  ])lace  for  workshops. 
If  the  methods  of  instruction  now  adopted  are  ultimately  to  pre- 
vail, there  can  be  no  objection  to  the  plan  adopted  for  the  de- 
velopment of  "the  grounds  ;  but  if  these  should  be  changed  to 
meet  the  views  of  the  people,  the  forty  thousand  dollars  ex|)en- 
ded  upon  the  grounds  would  be  literally  thrown  away. 

In  view  of  the  fticts  we  have  set  forth,  what  can  such  an  Agri- 
cultural College  as  we  now  have,  or  as  we  shall  have  when  all 
the  promises  of  its  President  and  the  Board  of  Regents  are  ac- 
complished, do  for  California  P  It  may  be  assumed  that  of  our 
population,  one-fourth  at  least  will  always  be  engaged  in  some 
of  the  pursuits  of  agriculture.  Our  immense  domain  must  all  be 
cultivated  or  utilized.  The  whole  world  is  to  partake  of  our 
products.  Our  wheat  crop  which  now  amounts  to  27,000,000 
bushels  annually,  will  double  itself  every  ten  years  for  the  next 
half  century.  The  same  may  be  said  of  the  grajte  and  fruits 
generally.  Many  products  now  in  their  incipiency,  such  as  cot- 
ton, jute,  ramie,  &c.,  will  swell  into  prodigious  volume  as  time 
rolls  on,  and  increase  the  immensity  of  our  exports.  Our  State 
is  soon  to  become  famous  for  theculure  and  manufacture  of  silk. 
The  products  of  our  soil  will  ever  be  more  diversified  than  those 
of  any  other  State  in  the  union.  The  application  of  science  in 
the  irrigation  of  our  valleys,  in  the  reclamation,  improvement 
and  cultivation  of  our  waste  lands,  in  the  preservation  and  trans- 


102  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

portation  of  oar  products,  is  to  be  of  more  consequence  than  any- 
other  branches  of  knowledge  taught  in  our  University.  Our  flocks 
and  herds  already^  enormous,  will  exceed  in  numbers  and  diversity 
those  of  any"  other  country.  Our  ultimate  greatness  lies  in 
our  soil.  It  is  magic  that  will  fill  our  great  harbor  with  the  ships 
of  all  nations,  and  our  workshops  with  artisans.  Commerce  must 
come  to  it  for  aid.  Manufactures  will  always  find  it  their  strong- 
est friend.  Even  mining  with  all  its  promise  of  untold  millions, 
cannot  subsist  without  it.  Wornderful  as  our  growth  has  been 
during  the  i)ast  quarter  of  a  century,  it  forms  no  criterion  by 
which  to  judge  of  its  greatness  at  the  close  of  the  next. 

In  determining  therefore  what  methods  of  instruction  should 
be  pursued  in  our  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  College,  should 
not  ample  provision  be  made  for  the  generations  who  are  to  carry 
forward  the  work  of  developing  our  noble  State  ?  Shall  those 
strong  arms  and  sinewy  frames  perform  the  labor  blindly  ? 
Shall  those  active  brains  expend  their  powers  in  mere  theory 
and  experiment  ?  No.  We  can  better  afford  to  cramp  any  other 
branch  of  learning  than  that  devoted  to  agriculture.  If  there  is 
a  spot  on  earth  where  all  the  recognized  means  for  its  improve- 
ment should  have  the  amplest  scope,  that  spot  is  California.  If 
we  could  remove  from  its  locality^  in  Wurtemburg,  the  Royal 
Land  and  Forest  Academy  of  Hohenheim,  with  its  accom- 
plished faculty  ;  its  farm  of  800  acres ;  its  forest  'of  5000  acres  ; 
its  school  of  practical  farming  ;  its  experimental  stations  ;  its  work- 
shops, manufactories,  audits  thorough,  practical,  scientific  curri- 
culum, it  would  not  exceed  the  wants  of  our  State.  And  there 
is  no  other  State  or  country  where  for  the  benefits  it  conferred, 
greater  reward  would  be  returned. 

It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  intellectual  culture  needful 
to  qualify  professional  men,  writers  and  scholars,  necessarily 
enters  into  the  qualifying  studies  of  the  agriculturist.  His  ed- 
ucation beyond  that  of  general  science  and  a  thorough  knowledge 
in  the  use  of  the  English  language,  should  be  in  his  pursuit.  A 
thorough  training  of  head  and  hand  in  everything  relating  to  the 
soil.  If  he  can  unite  experiment  with  theory — take  nothing  on 
trust — know  the  conditions  of  success,  his  education  cannot  be  a 
failure.  This  is  the  aim  of  the  "new  education,"  and  unless 
means  are  afforded  for  its  attainment  equal  to  the  end  to  be  at- 
tained, it  must  fail.  Our  University,  without  great  and  radical 
changes,  can  never  hope  to  reach  it.  It  must  adopt  broader  views, 
a  larger  scope,  more  comprehensive  plans,  and  a  general  system 
that  will  give  encouragement  to  all  the  branches  it  assumes  to 
teach.     It  must  have  farms,  and  barns,  and  stock,  and  work  shops 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  103 

for  its  students,  as  well  as  in  door  instruction  in  the  sciences.  It 
must  have  competent  teachers,  and  in  its  methods  of  instruction, 
must  be  directed  by  men  who  are  willing  to  be  guided  by  ex{)e- 
rience.  It  must,  oi'itself,  be  a  great  teacher  in  our  midst,  who.se 
lessons  will  be  respected  by  the  agriculturists  of  the  State,  and  a 
censor  whose  criticism  they  will  always  fear.  It  must  command 
respect  as  a  public  benefactor.  Its  achievements  in  learning  must 
inspire  the  people  with  confidence  in  its  varied  capal)ilitcs.  Its 
graduates  must  always  be  proud  to  belong  to  its  alumni. 

A  few  experiments  in  chemistry — a  little  ornamental  work  on 
the  college  grounds — a  smattering  in  the  treatment  of  fruit 
trees — the  planting  of  a  few  acres  here  and  there  in  different 
parts  of  the  State,  with  all  the  book  culture  in  the  world,  never 
did,  never  can  make  a  practical  agriculturist,  or  even  beget  a 
taste  for  those  nobler  and  sterner  duties  upon  wliich  the  great 
value  and  merit  of  the  ])ur.suit  depends. 

We  feel  it  our  duty  to  warn  the  people  of  California  against 
an  objection,  which  as  yet  has  appeared  only  in  the  form  of  sug- 
gestion and  insinuation,  that  seeks  to  transfer  the  government 
of  the  University  from  the  State  to  other  hands.  The  article 
in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  July,  already  alluded  to,  contains 
the  following  paragraphs  in  allusion  to  the  present  form  of 
government ; 

"At  the  very  outset,  the  question  whether  the  State  sr.oukl  mantaiii  im  agri- 
cultural school,  or  a  University  including  an  agricultural  .school,  was  disciuwed 
and  determined  in  favor  of  the  comprehensive  plan.  The  laws  of  the  State  are 
clear  upon  this  point. 

"  With  all  these  prospects,  there  is  a  serious  danger.  The  chief  supporter  of  the 
University  may  become  its  chief  destroyer.  The  funds  having  como  chicHy  from 
the  public  treasury,  the  legislature  of  the  State  has  retained  a  visitoriiil  power, 
and  is  disposed  to  supervise  not  merely  the  exp':>nditures  of  money,  but  the  interi- 
or organization,  discipline  and  courses  of  instruction.  The  University  is  not 
governed  by  a  charter,  but  by  sections  of  the  political  code.  Its  Regents  are  civil 
executive  officers,  individually  responsible.  The  legislature  while  in  .session  is 
supreme,  having  in  its  hands  a  despotic  power  such  as  kings  and  parliaments  have 
never  possessed  in  the  management  of  Colleges  and  Universities.  It  may  at  will 
abolish  the  Board  of  Regents,  and  substitute  for  it  a  body  selected  by  popular 
suffrage. 

"  This  supremacy  is  nominally  the  supremacy  of  the  people  ;  but  there  is  dan- 
ger that  it  will  be  the  supremacy  of  ignorant  and  prejudiced  men,  acting  in 
haste,  under  personal  pique,  and  without  full  consideration  of  the  consequences 
involved." 

The  article  then  proceeds  to  show  how  this  "  supremacy  of  the 
people"  was  illustrated  in  the  efforts  of  the  farmers'  granges  last 
winter,  at  the  close  of  which  we  find  the  following  Jesuitical  sen- 
tence : 

"Many  persons  wonder  why  the  friends  of  the  University  in  California,  prefer 
State  aid  plus  State  interference,  rather  than  private  generosity  minus  State  in- 
terference. ' ' 


104  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

This  is  only  a  new  and  more  demonstrative  form  of  expressing 
the  same  idea,  partially  uttered  by  President  Grihnan  in  his  ad- 
dress before  the  Legislature.     He  says  : 

"My  policy  would  be,  if  I  were  permitted,  Mi\  Speaker  and  Gentlemen,  to 
make  a  suggestion,  that  the  State  should  do  that  which  is  essential,  that  which 
is  fundamental,  and  then  by  its  stable  course  of  treatment  should  induce  weiilthy 
men  to  aid  in  building  up  the  schools  and  extending  knowledge  in  all  the  modern 
sciences." 

Governor  Haight,  one  of  the  Board  of  Regents,  in  addressing 
the  students  of  his  old  College  recently,  expressed  a  belief  that 
the  sole  drawback  to  the  University  consisted  in  its  dependence 
upon  the  Legislature. 

If,  taken  together,  these  remarks  mean  anything,  they  mean 
that  all  power  of  the  State  over  the  "interior  organization,  dis- 
cipline and  courses  of  instruction"  should  be  surrendered.  That 
being  accomplished,  this  authority  shall  be  exercised  at  pleasure 
either  by  the  faculty,  the  Board  of  Regents,  or  perhaps  by  the 
President  alone.  Any  methods  of  study  they  may  adopt  shall  not 
be  disturbed  by  "ignorant  and  prejudiced  men,'  like  the  farmers' 
granges  last  winter.  !No  memorial  to  the  legislature  shall  drive 
them  to  the  necessity  of  another  disgraceful  disclosure  of  facts, 
like  that  made  by  the  President  and  Board  of  Regents,  showing 
that  after  an  existence  of  six  years,  both  "  the  leading  features" 
of  the  University  had  done  literally  nothing  to  promote  instruc- 
tion in  agriculture  and  mechanics.  They  will  not  be  compelled 
on  the  spur  of  the  moment,  to  patch  up  a  system  to  meet  the 
exigency,  in  order  to  save  the  institution.  No  power  will  com- 
pel them  to  take  up  and  consider  recommendations  made  two  years 
ago,  and  temporarily  laid  on  the  table,  for  giving  efficiency  to 
the  agricultural  department.  They  will  not  be  betrayed  into 
the  meagre  statement  of  what  they  have  done  to  show  "  that  the 
good  will  of  the  Board  towards  the  Agricultural  College  may  be 
illustrated." 

Who,  that  is  familiar  with  the  Legislative  investigations  of  last 
winter,  does  not  believe  that  every  act,  appointment,  appropria- 
tion and  improvement  made  since  by  the  Board  of  Regents, 
relating- to  agricultural  and  mechanical  colleges,  grew  out  of 
that  damaging  process.^  They  would  have  remained  unnoticed 
until  now,  but  for  the  "ignorant  and  ]n-ejudiced"  farmers^  gran- 
ges, who  had  the  audacity  to  memorialize  the  legislature,  and 
make  some  charges  that  unfortunately  proved  true.  The  writer 
for  the  Atlantic,  who  seems  to  understand  this  matter  as  well  as 
if  he  had  participated  in  it,  says  that  "  the  eftort  was  made  to 
turn  out  the  Board  of  Regents  and  replace  the  members  by  those 
who  are  fresher  from  the  people." 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  105 

Was  it  not  time?  Had  not  the  board  by  its  neglect  forfeited 
all  claim  to  public  confidence  ?  And  when  those  people,  who  in 
their  "  ignorance  and  prejudice"  supposed  that  Congress  meant  by 
so  declaring,  that  the  Agricultural  and  j\Iecliatiical  Colleges 
should  be  "leading  featui-es,"  found  that  little  more  tiian  a  col- 
lege of  letters  actually  existed,  was  it  strange  that  they  should 
desire  a  change  ? 

This  investigation,  failure  as  it  was  in  the  object  sought,  was 
productive  of  results  which  clearly  demonstrates  the  necessity  of 
of  keeping  the  University  where  it  is.  We  should  be  sorry  that 
this  or  any.  other  question  affecting  it,  should  require  partisan 
interferences,  and  we  feel  quite  sure  it  never  will,  unless  )»reci- 
pitatated  by  those  who  favor  a  divorce  between  the  institution 
and  the  State.  In  that  event,  we  shall  hope  to  see  the  measure 
put  down  with  an  emphasis  that  will  be  forever  conclusive. 

We  may  not  rightly  understand  the  meaning  of  the  President 
in  the  suggestion  "  that  the  State  should  do  that  which  is  essen- 
tial, that  which  is  fundamental,  and  then  by  its  stable  course 
of  treatment  should  induce  wealthy  men  to  aid  in  the  building 
up  of  the  schools  and  extending  knowledge  in  all  the  modern  sci- 
ences." Does  it  mean  that  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Col- 
leges shall,  after  being  established  by  the  State,  depend  for  fu- 
ture aid,  upon  voluntary  donation,  or  that  this  source  of  support 
shall  apply  to  the  college  of  letters  as  well  ?  If  the  former,  it  is 
objectionable.  Why  should  one  college  be  su])ported  by  the 
State  and  the  other  by  donations  ?  Is  the  college  of  letters  more 
worthy  of  State  favor  than    the  college  of  arts  ? 

If  it  means  that  the  State  shall  cease  to  make  any  apjiropria- 
tions  for  the  University  after  a  certain  time,  but  by  its  '-stable 
course  of  treatment"  (what  does  that  mean  ?)  induce  wealthy 
men  to  make  donations,  that  is  objectionable,  because  it  will 
ultimately  remove  the  institution  from  the  control  of  tne  Slate. 
There  is  no  danger  even  from  the  President's  exhibit  of  the  l»e- 
quests  and  gifts  to  the  University,  that  the  amounts  will  ever 
exceed  the  wants,  how  much  soever  the  State  and  government 
may  give  in  addition.  The  institution  cannot  be  too  largely  en- 
dowed, and  the  "wealthy  men"  of  California  need  have  no  deli- 
cacy in  giving  to  the  fall  extent  of  their  generosity,  through  any 
fear  that  they  will  give  too  much.  Neither  they,  nor  the  State, 
nor  the  government  can  give  to  a  better  cau.se,  unless  by  improper 
management,  its  objects  should  be  defeated. 

Thus  far  in  its  career,  the  University  has  had  all  it  required. 
If  the  State  has  no  reason  to  be  proud  of  the  University,  she 
may  certainly  feel  proud  of  the  noble  ett'orts  she  has  made  to  es- 


106  THE  NEW  EDUCATION. 

tablish  it.  There  has  been  no  lack  of  funds — and  the  beautiful 
edifices  at  Berkeley  show  that  there  has  been  no  lack  of  appreci- 
ation of  the  design  of  the  institution  by  the  State.  Indeed  the 
President  says  : 

"  The  funds  of  the  University  are  soon  to  be  ample;  su£B.cient  I  believe,  to 
make  it  soon  unnecessary  to  ask  for  further  help. ' ' 

In  Morill's  New  Agricultural  College  bill,  is  the  following 
clause : 

"If  it  shall  at  any  time  be  made  to  appear  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior, 
by  unequivocal  evidence,  that  any  State  or  Territory  has  not  in  good  faith  sub- 
stantially complied  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  named  in  the  first  section 
of  this  act,  as  to  the  use,  object  and  pui'pose  therein  contemplated,  he  shall  at 
once  duly  notify  the  Treasurer  of  the  United  States,  who  shiiU  thereafter  withold 
the  payment  of  any  interest  which  may  have  accrued,  or  accrue  to  any  Colleges 
in  such  State  or  Territory,  until  such  time  as  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall 
be  satisfied  as  to  the  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  said  act  and  shall  so  no- 
tify the  Treasurer  aforesaid," 

This  law  will  add  over  $30,000  annually  to  the  permanent 
endowment  of  the  University,  in  case  it  can  be  shown  that  the 
institution  has  faithfully  complied  with  the  provisions  of  this 
act,  in  making  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts  the  "leading 
object."  We  fear  for  the  effect  of  the  answers  which  the  Board 
of  Regents  and  President  of  California  University  will  be  com- 
])elled  to  make  to  the  searching  questions  put  to  them  by  Con- 
gress on  this  subject.  It  is  no  enviable  task.  It  is  easier  to  tell 
what  many  of  these  replies  ought  to  be,  than  what  they  will  be, 
if  we  are  to  judge  from  the  "statements"  of  the  Board,  the  Uni- 
versity Register,  and  the  President's  address.  But  Congress  asks 
for  detailed  information.  The  questions  are  not  what  expendi- 
tures have  been  made  for  the  course  of  general  instruction,  but 
for  branches  relating  to  agriculture  and  mechanics.  How  much 
for  theory  and  practice — how  much  for  agricultural  chemistry 
— for  botany — horticulture,  forestry — animal  physiology — vet- 
eriniary  practice — economic  entomology — irrigation  ?  How  much 
for  the  experimental  farm — the  machine  shops — mining  processes 
and  methods.^  What  are  the  subjects  of  study  relating  to  agri- 
culture— what  in  the  mechanic  arts  ?  And  then  those  compre- 
hensive questions  at  the  close  : 

"  Has  your  institution  in  good  faith  performed  all  the  conditions  and  require" 
ments  of  the  statute  of  July,  1862,  and  the  acts  supplementary  thereto  r*  If  not, 
state  for  what  cause  and  in  what  particular  you  have  failed?  Has  the  gift  of  the 
United  States  been  preserved  unimpaired  and  devoted  to  the  purposes  of  your  in- 
stitution ?  If  not,  to  what  extent  has  it  been  impaired  or  diverted,  and  under 
what  circumstances:"' 

We  should  be  glad  to  feel  that  the  answers  to  these  questions 
could  be  favorable  to  the  future  interests  of  the  University. 
The  provisions  made  for  the  encouragement  of  education  by  the 


THE  NEW  EDUCATION.  107 

government  have  ever  been  on  the  broadest  scale.  Before  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution,  the  Continental  Congress  deter- 
mined that  in  every  six  miles  square,  the  school  system  sh(juld  be 
established.  Six  hundred  and  forty  acres  of  every  tcnvnshij)  was 
conceded  for  its  support — one  thirty-sixth  of  the  entin;  j)ublic 
domain.  Education  and  the  settlement  of  the  country  were  thus, 
from  the  first,  conten)poraneous  interests. 

When  the  new  States  began  to  come  into  the  Union,  the  con- 
cession was  doubled,  so  that  the  cause  had  twelve  hundred 
and  eighty  acres  in  each  township.  The  aggregate  of  the 
land  thus  given  to  the  sujoport  of  the  common  schools,  amounts 
to  seventy  millions,  five  hundred  and  fifty-nine  thousand,  one 
hundred  and  twelve  acres  ;  besides  one  million,  two  hundred  and 
forty-four  acres  granted  for  seminaries  of  learning. 

Now  that  the  feasibility  of  a  newer,  more  practical,  more  ad- 
vanced system  of  instruction  has  been  demonstrated,  government 
again  advances  with  its  aid,  and  concedes  nine  millions,  six  hun- 
dred thousand  acres,  for  its  encouragement.  And  when  it  is  fairly 
under  way  it  comes  to  its  assistance  with  a  permanent  annual  en- 
dowment. For  all  this  munificence,  it  naturally  expects  a  return 
in  the  increase  of  public  intelligence,  and  the  improvement  of  the 
country.  It  contemplates  great  progress  in  the  industrial  pur- 
suits of  the  nation.  It  looks  to  see  the  farms,  the  workshops 
and  the  various  mining  and  mechauical  occupations,  brought  un- 
der the  control  of  science,  and  conducted  by  an  educated  people. 
It  anticipates  a  period  when  every  man  in  the  nation  shall  by  the 
results  of  educated  labor,  be  placed  above  want,  and  become  a 
contributor  to  the  general  welfare.  Shall  California  do  her  part 
in  this  great  reformation  ? 

COLUMELLA. 


MEMORIAL 

OK 

California  State  Grange, 

AND 

MECHANICS'  DELIBERATIVE  ASSEMBLY 

ON  THE 

STATE   UNIVERSITY. 


To  the  Senate  and  Assembly  oftlie  State  of  Califorma : 

In  accordance  with  the  ace  Vmpanying  resolutions  of  the  State  Grange  of  Cal- 
ifornia, and  the  Mechanics"  Deliberative  Assembly  of  San  Francisco,  the  follow- 
ing petition  has  heen  prepared  : 

•    RESOLUTIONS  OF  STATE  GRANGE. 

OFFERED    BY  W.  H.  BAXTKIl. 

Resolved,  That  a  commitee  of  three  be  appointed  on  the  subject  of  agricultural 
education.  Said  commitee  to  inquire  particularly  into  the  condition  of  the  Agri- 
cultural Department  of  the  State  University — what  improvements,  if  any,  should 
be  made,  and  what  legislation,  if  any,  is  required  to  secure  to  the  farmers  of  the 
State  the  full  benefits  of  the  Agricultural  College  grant. 

Resolved,  That  the  true  meaning  and  intent  of  the  Congressional  grant  (see  Act 
eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two),  was  to  establish  primarily  "'  Agricultural"  or 
"  Mechanic  Arts"  Colleges,  and  that  the  funds  derived  therefrom  should  be  first 
applied  to  these  purposes,  and  that  the  State  should  render  hucIi  aid  as  may  be 
necessary.  Such  colleges  should  be  mainly  under  the  control  of  men  engaged  in 
these  pursuits,  and  should  be  practical  as  well  as  theoretical. 

Adopted.  University  Commitee :  J.  W.  A.  "Wright,  W.  H.  Baxter,  O.  L. 
Abbot. 

RESOLUTIONS  OF  MECHANICS'  DELIBERATIVE  ASSEMBLY. 

PRBSENTED  BY  JUDGE  E.  D.  SAWYEK. 

Whereas,  The  Congressional  Act  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  grant- 
ing lands  to  the  several  States,  had  for  its  object  the  promotion  of  liberal  and 
practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  ;  and  whereas,  this  State,  in  accepting 
the  grant  and  establishing  the  University  of  California,  made  provi>ions  for  a 
College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  and  a  College  of  Agriculture,  thus  guaranteeing  to  the 
people  of  the  State  practical  instruction  in  these  pur.suits  ;  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  to  makesnch  inquiry  as  may 
be  proper  as  to  what  can  be  done,  or  what  legislation  is  necessary  to  .secure  to  the 
industrial  classes,  through  the  State  University,  its  educational  advantages. 

The  resolution  was  adopted,  and  E.  D.  Sawyer,  G.  C.  Terrill,  and  M.  J.  Donovan 
appointed  on  the  commitee. 

Your  petioners,  iu  furtherance  of  the  .ibove  views,  and  in  behalf  of  the  industrial  clsissea  of 
California,  both  af'riculturists  and  lueihanics  would  respectfully  call  theatlenlion  of  your 
houorable  bodv  to  the  condition  and  wants  of  the  State  University. 

We  make  this  petitiuu  with  all  due  dtfcrence  to  the  Houorable  Board  of  RcKents  »nd 
Faculty  of  our  University,  aud  with  no  desire  to  interfere  improperly  vrith  any  of  their  rights  or 
duties.  But  we  believe  the  iu  tercets  of  the  people  of  the  State,  for  whose  benefit  especially  thia 
noble  institution  was  established,  require  that  greater  efficiency  be  given  to  the  agricultural. 


110  ■  MEMORIAL. 

mechanical,  and  other  industrial  instruction  therein,  without  diminishing  the  use/tdness  of  thou 
deparlmenls  already  in  successful  operatirm. 

Your  petitioners  find  that  the  State  University  resulted  from  an  Act  of  Congress  entitled 
"  An  Act  donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  Col- 
\e%e\ifor  the  henejii  of  ayriculluTK  and  the  mechanic  arts."  By  this  Act  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousand  acres  (more  or  less)  were  donated  to  California. 

In  accordance  with  this  munificent  provision  of  the  United  States  Government,  our  Liegisla- 
tare  passed  an  Act  establishing  a  University,  and  prescribing  that  its  vao&i  prominent  features 
should  be  Colleges  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts. 

By  reference  to  the  last  report  from  each  of  the  thirty-eight  States  that  shared  in  this  national 
endowment,  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  at  Washington,  we  find  nearly  every  one  of  them 
carrying  out  both  the  letter  and  the  spirit  of  the  Act  of  Congress  ;  "  that  they  are  attended  by 
over  three  thousand  students,  most  of  whom  are  practically  pursuing  agricultural  and  mechan- 
ical studies,"  with  well  stocked  farms,  workshops,  and  all  necessary  appliances  of  instniction. 

In  the  same  report,  we  read  that  "  in  California  a  farm  of  about  two  hundred  acres  has  been 
provided  for  the  Agricultural  Department,  but  it  has  not  been  improved,  nor  are  the  students 
instructed  in  agriculture  outside  of  the  school-room. 

The  Act  of  Congress  requires  that  the  "  leading  object"  of  the  Industrial  Universities  shall  be 
without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  teach 
such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner 
as  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe,  in  order  to  promote  the  liberal  and 
practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes  in  their  leveral  pursuits. 

The  organic  Act  creating  the  University  requires  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  shall  first  be 
developed,  "  and  next,  that  of  the  Mechanic  Arts."  We  find  that  of  the  monthly  appropriation 
(six  thousand  dollars)  for  the  regular  expenses  only  one  twentieth  is  now  devoted  to  the  Agricul- 
tural Department,  and  that  one  Professor  is  discharging  all  the  duties  of  instruction  on  the 
subjects  related  to  it.     Notechnical  instruction  in  the  mechanic  arts  has  thus  far  been  given. 

The  instructional  force  of  the  University  (besides  the  President)  is  as  follows  : 

One  Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek,  and  two  Assistants. 

One  Ini^.tructor  in  Hebrew. 

One  Professor  of  Mathematics,  and  two  Assistants. 

One  Professor  of  Modern  Languages,  and  two  Assistants. 

One  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  two  Assistants  (advanced  students) . 

One  Professor  of  Physics  and  Mechanics. 

One  Professor  of  Geology  and  Natural  History. 

One  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering  and  Astronomy.  * 

One  Professor  of  Rhetoric,  History,  and  English  Language. 

One  Instructor  in  Drawing. 

One  Professor  in  Agriculture,  Agricultural  Chemistry,  and  Horticulture. 

Your  petitioners  do,  therefore,  request,  that  in  accordance  with  plans  pursued  at  Cornell,  the 
Massachusetts  and  Michigan  Agricultural  Colleges,  the  Universities  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  and 
many  others  (as  may  be  seen  from  the  report  already  referred  to) ,  that  whatever  State  aid  is 
granted  for  our  University;  and  as  rapidly  as  the  income  from  the  land  sales  is  received,  it  may 
be  "frsi  of  all  applied  to  the  extending  of  the  Colleges  of  Agricultiire  and  the  Mechanic  Arts, 
and  all  the  departments  of  instruction  which  directly  bear  upon  the  studies  pursued  in  them." 

With  this  object  in  view,  we  earnestly  recommend  a  sufficient  appropriation  to  carry  out  the 
following  objects: 

First— The  improvement  of  such  portions  of  the  University  grounds  as  may  be  required  to 
illustrate /)rac(2ca%  the  subjects  taught  in  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  adaptation 
of  this  State  to  various  cultures.  The  erection  of  a  plain,  convenient,  and  commodious  farm 
house,  with  suitable  outhouses,  to  be  occupied  by  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  or  some  practi- 
cal farmer  to  act  under  his  direction.  To  this  an  orchard,  vineyard,  vegetable  and  flower  gar- 
den, and  a  poultry  yard  should  be  attached  :  also,  a  propagating  house,  and,  as  soon  as  practi- 
cable, a  conservatory.  The  culture  of  cereals,  textiles,  and  other  valuable  vegetable  produc- 
tions ;  the  rearing  of  stock,  bees,  and  silk  worms  should  be  illustrated,  on  a  small  scale,  epito- 
mizing the  entire  range  of  agricultural  industries. 

Hecond  -The  appropriation  of  a  sufficient  amount  to  secure  the  necessary ^jraciicaZ  instruction 
in  the  mechanic  arts  ;  to  provide  blacksmiths',  carpenters',  cabinet,  and  machine  shops,  and 
printing  press,  under  the  supervision  of  competent'persons.  • 

We  by  no  means  expect  to  accomplish  all  this  at  once  ,  but  we  ask  means  to  secure  to  the 
youth  of  our  State,  with  proper  economy  and  despatch,  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  students  of 
the  best  developed  institutions  which  owe  their  existence  to  the  same  foundation.  We  desire 
that  the  grounds  of  our  University,  its  museums,  parks  and  gardens,  may  eventually  become 
as  those  of  the  Garden  of  Plants  at  Paris  ;  and  that  our  College  of  Mechanic  Arts  may,  without 
needless  del.iy,  rival  the  Technological  School  in  Boston.  We  ask  that  in  keeping  with  the 
educational  standards  of  the  age,  the  principles  of  object  teaching  and  i)ractical  instruction  be 
conducted  in  connection  with  the  ideal  and  theoretical,  and  occupy  in  the  chief  school  of  the 
State  the  position  which  their  importance  demands.  We  believe  that  nowhere  will  the  dignity 
of  labor  be  so  strongly  impressed  upon  the  mind  as  in  those  higher  institutions  of  learning, 
organized  for  the  benefit  of  the  most  important  class  of  laborers,  where  the  acquisition  of  skill 
goes  hand  in  hand  with  the  acquisition  of  knowledge. 

iWe  find  that  the  Board  of  Regents,  as  at  present  constituted,  does  not  sufficiently  represent 
the  various  portions  and  interests  of  the  State.  'Though  composed  of  gentlemen  of  the  highest 
position  and  worth,  they  reside,  mainly,  in  San  Francisco  and  Oakland,  and  although  they  have 
been  zealous  in  their  efforts  to  secure  the  prosperity  of  the  institution,  we  believe  that  the  best 
interests  of  education  would  be  promoted  by  an  amendmeat  of  the  Act  so  as  to  unity  the  Uni- 
versity with  the  other  departments  ot  State  education.    We  therefore  respectfully  ask  such 


MEMORIAL.  Ill 

amendment  of  this  Act,  and  of  other  Acta,  as  shall  coustitute  a  State  Board  of  Edacatioo,  bar- 
ing charge  of  the  University,  the  Normal  School,  and  other  public  schools,  and  to  consist  of 
fifteen  Kegents.  viz  :  Seven  ex-ofBcio— the  Governor  ,  Litutenant  Governor,  Speaker  of  the  As- 
sembly, State  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  President  ol  the  State  Agricultural  Society, 
Master  of  the  State  Grange,  and  President  of  the  Mechanics'  Institute  of  San  Francisco  ;  also 
two  Members  from  each  Congressional  District,  to  be  appointed  from  their  districtH  by  the 
Governor,  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  for  their  first  tertus,  and  afterwards  to  bo  elected  by 
the  people  as  vacancies  occur.  We  also  reconieud  that  atiy  nine  members  shall  constitute  s 
quorum,  as  the  Board  of  Education,  or  as  the  Board  of  Uegents  for  the  University  or  as  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  State  Normal  School.  Wo  ask  that  they  be  so  selected  as  to  represent 
the  various  industrial  interests,  occupations,  and  professions  of  the  citizens  of  the  State. 

The  law  (Article  Four,  section  fourteen  hundred  anil  flity  of  the  new  Code),  clearly  provides 
that  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents  must  be  ii  practical  farmer,  and  must  reside  and 
keep  his  office  at  the  site  of  the  University.  Those  requiiement-s  having  been  hitherto  disre- 
garded, ■<neT  cjmmf  nd  that  the  law  be  either  rigidly  entorcod  or  essentiuly  modified. 

It  is  generally  understood  that  a  portion  of  the  lands  donated  by  Congress  for  the  purposes 
of  industrial  education  in  California,  bave  been  sold  at  llye  dollars  per  acre,  one  fiftn  of  the 
amount  tiaving  been  paid  down,  and  it  is  understood  fEat  the  filtKl  IhUa  obtained  has  been  used 
in  paying  Protessorships  and  scholarships  in  our  University.  But  it  is  the  misfortune  of  the 
people  of  California  to  know  very  little  about  these  lands  alid  their  present  condition,  while 
they  do  know  that  in  other  States,  in  consequence  of  mismanagement,  only  a  small  part  of 
the  real  value  of  school  and  University  lands  has  Ijeen  realized.  In  -some  instances  timber 
lands  valued  at  thirty  and  fifty  dollars  per  acre  have  been  taken  up,  the  first  payments  made, 
the  timber  removed,  and  the  lands  forfeited.  It  is  clearly  the  right  of  the  people  to  have  cor- 
rect information  on  this  subject. 

VVe  do  therefore  petition  your  honorable  body  that  a  University  Committee  be  carefully  se- 
lected from  your  number  whose  di'.ty  it  shall  be  to  examine  fully,  minutely,  and  impartially 
into  the  location  and  present  condition  of  all  lands  donated  to  California  for  these  purposes ; 
to  ascertain  what  has  accrued  from  the  sales  thereof,  and  how  the  same  has  been  expended  ; 
and  that  the  necessary  power  be  granted  them  to  send  for  persons,  books  and  papers,  to  admin- 
ister the  necessary  oaths,  and  take  the  testimony  for  the  thorougli  investigation  of  the  whole 
question,  and  that  the  results  of  such  investigation  be  published  without  unnecessary  delay, 
for  the  information  of  the  people.. 

In  view  of  the  important  fact  that  another  bill  was  introduced  into  Conaresa.  at  the  late  sess- 
ion {by  Mr.  Merrill,  the  author  of  the  original  bill ;  see  Agricultural  Report,  pp.  .US,  S72),  which 
it  is  expected  will  be  passed  during  the  coming  Winter,  giving  to  each  of  the  indu.strial  Uni- 
versities in  operation  an  additional  grant  of  five  hundred  thousand  acres,  we  also  request  that 
our  Legislature  memorialize  Congress  so  to  amend  the  law  regarding  the  locations  upon  un- 
surveyed  lands  as  to  protect  actual  settlers  in  their  improvements  up  to  the  time  that  the  lo- 
cator can  make  his  selection  by  sections  or  subdivisions. 

As  a  means  of  redress  for  siezures  under  the  existing  law,  we  als«.  recommend  that  our 
Legislature  forthwith  pass  an  Act,  providing  that  in  all  casses  where  contests  have  arisen,  or 
may  hereafter  arise,  before  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  upon  the  University  lands, 
and  the  contestant  shall  feel  aggrieved  at  the  decision  of  said  Board,  he  shall  have  the  right 
of  appeal  to  the  District  Court  by  giving  the  usual  notice  of  said  appeal. 

We  respectfully  recommend  that  all  the  University  funds  be  kept  in  the  State  Treasury, 
subject  only  to  order  in  proper  form  for  University  disbursements. 

As  we  are  now  informed  that  the  funds  hitherto  appiopriated  are  exhausted,  and  that  addi- 
tonal  appropriations  will  be  required  at  the  present  session  to  add  other  and  needed  iraprore- 
ments,  in  accordance  with  the  original  plan,  your  petitioners  would  resi)ectfiilly  ask  that  in 
addition  to  the  sum  required  for  monthly  current  expenses,  the  following  be  specificaliy  appro- 
priated : 

For  farm,  buildings,  implements,  stock,  etc.,  twenty-five  thousand  dollars. 

For  annual  farm  and  garden  expenses,  payment  of  students  and  other  labor,  salary  of  farmer 
and  gardener,  expenses  of  lectures  from  experts  in  special  cultures,  agricultural,  entomology, 
veteriniary  science,  etc.,  collection  and  preparation  of  specimens  for  museum  of  agriculture, 
and  incidental  expenses,  fifteen  thousand  dollars. 

For  meohanical  shops,  printing  press,  steam  engine,  and  their  appurtenances,  fifty-thousand 
dollars. 

For  annual  expenses  of  mechanical  shops,  printincr  press,  superintendence,  students,  and 
skilled  laboi-,  collections  of  models  and  raw  matoials  for  Museum  of  Mechanic  Arts,  lectures 
on  technical  subjects  connected  with  mechanical  pursuits  by  skilled  persons,  and  incidental  ex- 
penses, fifteen  thousand  dollars. 

It  is  expected  that  this  will  furnish  the  carpenters',  cabmet  work,  and  printing  for  the  insti- 

It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  departments  are  to  be  created,  and  that  no  jwrt  of  the 
twenty  thousand  dollars  already  expended  for  chemical  and  physical  apparatus  will  supply 
their  technical  needs.  .  .      . 

The  completion  of  the  central  building,  according  to  the  original  plan,  is  a  prime  necessity  in 
accomplishing  the  great  purpose  of  the  University:  for,  in  the  absence  of  suitable  rooms  for 
the  present  Museum  and  Librarv,  it  has  be.n  considci  ed  necessary  to  occupy  for  this  purpose 
a  part  of  the  College  of  Agiiculture,  a  building  designed  t*)  supply  the  wants  of  this  derkirtnient, 
as  is  indicated  by  the  appropriate  and  bountiful  emblems  that,  adorn  its  outer  wall^.l  In  this 
exigency  the  entire  Agricultural  Department  is  forced  into  the  limite<l  sjuce  of  the  north  half 
of  the  basement  of  this  splendid  structure,  tiius  placing  in  a  subordinate  iwsition  which  it  was 
never  intended  to  occupy,  what  should  be  the  most  prominent  department  of  the  State  Univer- 

We  find  that  a  building  containing  an  Assembly  Hall.  Museum,  etc.,  can  bo  >rf>.1<(i  <>/   iro.>c< 


112 


MEMORIAL. 


at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  ;  of  brick,  with  granite  facings,  two  hun- 
dred and  fltty-six  thousand  dollars. 

The  labor  of  students  can  be  utilized  in  the  construction  of  this  and  other  needed 
edifices  anl  deserving  young  men  can  in  this  way  be  aided  in  paying  a  part  at  least  of  the  ex- 
penses ot  their  education.  Suitable  dwellings  should  at  once  be  erected  for  the  accommodation 
of  the  Professors  and  club  houses  for  the  students,  upon  the  University  grounds,  tor  which  a 
moderate  rent  might  be  charged.  At  present,  both  Professors  and  students  are  compelled  to 
live  at  Oakland,  five  milesdistant,  or  to  provide  themselves  accommodations  in  the  yet  sparsely- 
settled  neighborhood  of  Berkeley,  at  an  expense  greater  than  their  means  will  justify.  The  en 
tire  energies  ot  the  University  body  should  be  concentrated  in  and  around  its  scholastic  home. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  repeat  that  it  is  not  now  our  object  to  undervalue  what  has  been 
so  well  done  in  the  erection  of  buildings,  of  which  the  Stite  may  be  justly  proud  ;  in  the  open- 
ing of  the  doors  of  the  Univeriity  to  both  sexes;  in  making  its  instruction  in  all  depirtments 
free;  in  organizing  the  Military  Dapartmint  and  iliiibor  Coi-ps ;  and  in  securing  a  Faculty  of 
zealous  and  able  men.  But,  believing  that  the  fii-st  and  highest  employment  of  men  is  to  feed, 
shelter,  and  clothe,  the  world,  we  ask  tliat  the  graduates  of  our  industrial  colleges  may  be 
"peers  of  scholars  in  mental  culture,"  and  peers  of  laborers  in  m.anual  skill  an  I  physical  de- 
velopment. 

The  relations  of  labor  to  study  are  admirably  stated  in  the  Report  of  the  Missouri  University' 

"The  pupil  must  study  till  he  knows  what  should  be  done,  why  it  should  be  done,  ani  how 
When  this  is  done,  tlie  inteUnclual  division  of  labor  is  finished.  The  pupil  must  labor  till  he  can 
do  work  in  the  farm  and  shjp  with  skill;  then  the  manual  division  of  an  industrial  eduo  ition. 
is  finished.  In  agriculture,  he  should  thus  learn  whatever  is  done  on  the  farm,  in  the  garden, 
orchard,  and  nursery.  If  it  is  asked :"  Who  shall  direct  the  labors  of  the  pupils?''  We  an- 
swer :  "  Tlie  teacher  of  the  principles  put  in  practice,  that  useless  and  impracticable  theories . 
may  not  be  introduced." 

Agriculture  is  far  from  bsing  an  exact  science,  and  its  conditions  on  this  coast  are  peculiar 
We  ask  that  our  Uaiveisity  be  mtde  us3ful  to  th9  largest  nnmber  of  our  citizens,  by  accurate 
annual  reports  of  work  done,  e.xperiments  made,  and  results  arrived  at. 

Agriculture  in  its  various  departments,  should  be  so  taught  and  practiced  in  our  University 
as  to  send  forth  scientific  farmers,  whose  labor  and  skill  can  utilize  the  soil  and  develop  its 
greatest  resources,  while  the  mechanical  department  should  graduate  learned  and  skilled  m  e- 
chanics,  who  shall  add  dignity  and  worth  to  labor ;  and  it  is  the  earnest  desire  and  purpose  of 
agriculturists  and  mechanics  of  this  State  to  m  ike  these  great  departments  of  in  lustry  the 
leading  fe.itures  of  our  State  University,  and  for  this  purpose  we  expect  your  cordial  co-operation , 
and  such  appropriations  as  are  necessary. 

Nor  do  sve  think  th  it  any  maohiiuical  schools  in  San  Francisco,  valuable  as  they  may  become, 
can  supply  the  place  of  the  College  of  Mjchanio  Arts,  as  provided  by  the  original  plan  of  the 
State  University. 

We  also  request  the  present  Legislature  to  order  that  block  letters  be  prepared  and  placed 
upon  the  east  and  west  faces  of  the  main  buildingof  the  University,  marking  it  for  all  time  with 
the  words,  "  Aguicultural  CoLLEOE  of  the  Univeusity  of  Oalifoania." 

J.  W.  A.  WRIGHT,  W.  H.   BAXTER,  O.  L.  ABBOTT, 

Committee  of  State  Grange . 

E.  D.  SAWYER,  M.  J.  DONOVAN,  Esq,         CHA8.  C.  TERRILL, 

Committee  of  Deliberative  Assembly. 

To  the.  Exucutivf.  Coimn.iUei',  California  Stale  Grange  : 

Your  committee,  appointed  in  accordance  with  a  resolution  adopted  by  the  State  Grange  at 
its  last  session,  herewith  submit  this  memorial  as  their  repirton  the  measures  contained  therein. 
J.  \V.  A.  WRIGHT,  W.  H.  BAXTER,  O.  L.  ABBOTT. 

Besolved,  That  the  within  report  be  received  and  adopted.    Carried. 

To  The  Honorable  S'.naie  and  Assembly  of  the  State  of  California  : 

The  Executive  Committee  of  the  California  State  Grange  hereby  respectfully  reccommend 
that  your  honorable  body  take  immediate  action  to  carry  into  effect  the  measures  proposed  in 
this  memorial. 

J.  M.  HAMILTON,         J.  C.  MERRYFIELD,      A.  B.  NALLEY, 
H.  B.  JOLLY,  G.  W.  COLBY,  J.  G.  GARDNER, 

Executive  Committee  of  California  State  Qringe: 


ERRATA. 


On  page  15,  iieir  bottom  of  page,  for  "  (-alray  "  read  Knlnry. 

On  page  23,  near  centre  of  page,  for  "  habitate  "  read  fuibilit. 

Oil  page  27,  near  top  of  page,  for  "  college  ''  read  colleger, 

On  page  34,  near  top  of  page,  for  "  wished  "  read  wish. 

On  page  44,  near  centre  of  page,  for  "  Cornells  "  read  Cornell. 

On  page  46,  near  centre  of  page,  for  "past  graduate"  read  post  gi'mlnnte. 

On  page  50,  near  bottom  of  page,  for  "  unestimable"  read  intstimable. 

On  page  51,  near  top  of  page,  for  "  unestimable  "  read  ineslhtiohle. 

On  page  76,  at  top  of  page,  for  "  Hon.  G.  W.  Pinney  "    read    Hon,    G. 

M.  Pinney,  and  at  bottom  of  page,  for  *'  G.  W.  P."  read  G.  M.  P. 
On  page  79,  near  top  of  page,  for  "  legislature  "  read  legiKkitnres. 
On  page  SO,  near  centre  of  page,  to  "  practically  illustrated,"    udd  the 

word  l>l/- 
On  page  93,  for  "  of  hostile  criticisms  "  read  or. 

On  page  94,  near  bottom  of  p:ige,  for  "  instructions  "  read  in>ili(uti'>nft. 
On  page  96,  below  centre  of  page,  for  "ill  practical"  read  (ill  practical. 
On  page  96,  for  "  distinction  caste"  read  distinction  o/ caste. 
On  page  98,  for  "  Raw  plows"  read  Jidu. 
On  page  98,  for  *'  expedience  "  read  expediency. 

On  page  98,  for  "  orchard  specimen  "  read  orchard  t»/spccimon  fiuit,  etc. 
On  page  102,  for  "  It  is  magic  "  read  IV s  magic. 
On  page  1(16,  for  "  Morill  "  read  Morrill. 


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